exam review IV

Question 1

what are functional foods

Answer 1

Foods or dietary components that may provide a health benefit beyond basic nutrition and may play a role in reducing or minimizing the risk of certain diseases and other health conditions

Question 2

Three general categories of functional foods

Answer 2

• conventional foods containing natural bioactive food compounts
  
  • eg probiotic in yoghurt
• modified foods containing bioactive food compounds through enrichment or fortification
  
  • eg omega 3 enriched eggs
• food ingredients that are synthesised which provide prebiotic benefits

Question 3

phytochemicals

Answer 3

• biologically active substances found in plants in small amounts
  
  • the plant needs this for its functions
• Each phytochemical has different benefits to the body
  • Absorption differs: some require a carrier, some that aren’t absorbed in the small intestine have been shown to undergo microbial degredation by colonic microflora

Question 4

phytochemicals : phenolics

Answer 4

• only in plants and certain fungal species
• Further classified into further sub-groups
  
  • phenolic acids: eg gallic acid in strawberry
  • flavonoids: eg luteolin in celery
  • stilbenes: eg resveratrol in grapes
  • lignans: eg seeds
  • others

Question 5

phytochemicals: carotenoids

Answer 5

• naturally occurring pigments synthesised by plants, algae and photosynthetic bacteria
  
  • yellow, orange and red colours of many fruit and vege
• high amounts for skin, testes and retina

Question 6

Prebiotics

Answer 6

• “nondigestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon, thus improving host health.”
• occur naturally in many foods and also available in supplement form
  
  • eg asparagus, artichoke
• improve intestinal functions and gut microbiota composition
• reduction of intestinal infections

Question 7

probiotics

Answer 7

• “living microorganisms, which, upon ingestion in certain numbers, exert health benefits beyond inherent basic nutrition.”
• various actions including stopping growth of pathogenic bacteria, enhancing mucosal function

*

Question 8

antioxidants

Answer 8

• body natural defence and repair systems try to control the destruction caused by free radicals
  
  • less effective with age or chronic disease
• antioxidants neutralise free radicals to prevent oxidative stress
• eg vitamin C and A, zinc, manganese

Question 9

therapeutic juices

Answer 9

• deliver a complex combination of nutrients and phytochemicals in a concentrated form
• however, bioavailability of some constituents can be enhanced when fibre is removed by juice extractors
• juices should be consumed fresh
• juice extractors
  
  • ​non centrifugal juicers are best
  • extract higher levels of nutrients and phytochemicals from fruits and vege
• cautions
  
  • ​fruit and sweet vege can be high in kilojoules and natural sugars
  • organic acids may erode tooth enamel

Question 10

what is the idea of kitchen pharmacy

Answer 10

• formed through observation of the effects on the body of common ingredients
• different cultures developed their own observations however some beliefs of food benefits were shared
• cautions
  
  • ​always check the safety of natural remedies especially herbal remedies, use for pregnant women, children or those taking medications

Question 11

Teas

Answer 11

• referred to as an infusion
  
  • ​made by steeping plant material
  • the flavour and plant consituents transfer into water
• • herbal tea: 1 teaspoon dried herb : cup of water
• decoction: boiling/simmering hard plants parts in water for longer time period eg ginger

Question 12

Tea for nervous system support

Answer 12

• relieves stress and promotes relaxation
• Water soluble phytochemicals like flavonoids and tannins as well as essential oils and anti-oxidants are present in tea
• can encourage hydration

PLC for the nervous system

passion flower, lavender, chamomile

Question 13

tea for immune system support

Answer 13

• elder (berries and flowers)
  
  • treating influenza
  • coughs, herpes, immune stimulant
• Thyme
  
  • antimicrobial, antiseptic and antibacterial
  • for upper respiratory infections
• yarrow
  
  • common cold
• lemon
  
  • antibacterial and antiviral properties

Question 14

tea/decoction - digestive system support

Answer 14

• ginger
  
  • nausea, indigestion, vomiting, dyspepsia
  • use 1-2cm pieve of ginger and make decoction
• peppermint
  
  • irritable bowel syndrome and indigestion
• chamomile
  *

Question 15

tea/decoction - urinary system support

Answer 15

• corn silk
  
  • relieve cystitis, urethritis, UTIs, chronic inflam

Question 16

differentiate between bath, wash and soak

Answer 16

Question 17

types of therapeutic baths

Answer 17

• epsom salt bath
  
  • magnesium sulphate
  • these baths relieve muscle sorness, promote circulation and encourage relaxation
• sitz baths
  
  • sit in water up to hips
  • alleviate rectal discomfort, genital problems or urinary problems
• steam baths/inhalations
  
  • blocked noses and sinus problems

Question 18

therapeutic washes and soaks

Answer 18

• salt water wash
  
  • antibacterial
  • sinusitis, conjunctivitis
• vinegar washes
  
  • enhance healing
  • treating nail fungus
• foot and hand soaks
  
  • therapeutic agents are added to the water for absorption
  • eg ginger for circulation
  • lavender for stress
    *

Question 19

poultices

Answer 19

A topical application of crushed plant material that is made into a pulp or paste.

The material is held in place using cling film, muslin or a bandage.

It can be applied directly to the skin or a thin cloth can be used as an under layer.

uses:

• infections eg grated onion
• pain from inflammation
• injuries or wounds eg arnica flowers
• skin complaints

Question 20

dry skin brushing

Answer 20

Traditionally began in Ayurvedic medicine

• stimulate skin and promote circulation
• remove dead skin cells and promote lymphatic flow

Question 21

oils -

Answer 21

• can be used topically or internally
• olive oil
  
  • consumed inernally has health benefits
  • topically as moisturiser
• coconut oil
  
  • antifungal properties
  • moisturiser
    *

Question 22

gargles

Answer 22

• mouth wash or mouth rinse
• liquid is swished and held in mouth for 30-60 seconds
• used for bad breath, cavities, sore throats, oral thrush
• examples
  
  • salt water gargle
  • vinegar and sage gargle
  • tumeric mouth wash
    *

Question 23

syrups

Answer 23

• a thick, usually sweet liquid, made by dissolving sugar in water
• for sore throats and coughs
• sweetness helps with giving it to children
  *

Question 24

food first aid - manuka honey

Answer 24

• manuka honey
  
  • antibacterial activity for wounds and GI infections
  • produced from manuka bush
  • contains high concentrations of MGO an antibacterial compound
• apply either externally for wounds or infections
• eat off spoon to soothe sore throat or settle digestive upset

Question 25

food first aid - prunes

Answer 25

for constiption or incomplete bowel movements

• prune juice or whole dried fruit
  *

Question 26

food first aid - apple cider vinegar

Answer 26

• made by crushing apples and then exposing them to yeast
• frsuit sugars are fermenrted and acetic acid forms
• used for
  
  • sore throats as gargle
  • sunburn
  • relieve thrush as bath
  • swimmers ear
  • acne
  • digestion

Question 27

food first aid - bi carbonate soda

Answer 27

• face mask for acne or aging skin
• with strawberries as paste to whiten teeth
• neutralise smelly feet in foot bath
  *

Question 28

food first aid - bone broth

Answer 28

• Bone broths are made with bones that have a small amount of meat left on the bones
• for
  
  • digestive upset
  • strengthen hair and skin and nails
  • improve bone growth and repair
  • strengthen immunity

Question 29

food first aid - potassium broths

Answer 29

• broth rich in potassium
• used to prevent colds and flus, strengthen immune system and renew bodys ability to fight disease
• alkalises body and helps to detoxify

Question 30

food first aid - chicken soup

Answer 30

made with garlic, onions and herbs for immune stimulation

• easily digested when sick
• can improve hydration