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Gr. 10 Science > Exam Review: Bio > Flashcards

Exam Review: Bio Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A
  • No nucleus

- No organelles

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2
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A
  • Complex cells
  • Contain nucleus & organelles
  • Surrounded by a thin membrane
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3
Q

Table describing how cells/organisms can be classified?

A

Cell (organism)

Prokaryote, Eukaryote

        Uni-cellular, Multicellular

                               Plant, Animal
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4
Q

What does cytoplasm do?

A
  • In plant and animal cells
  • Mostly water, stores substances
  • Chemical reactions
  • Allows organelles to move around
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5
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A
  • Plant and animal cells
  • Flexible, double layered
  • Support the cell, semi-permeable (allows only some substances to pass through)
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6
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A
  • Plant and animal cells
  • Fairly spherical
  • Contains genetic information
  • Controls activities of cell
  • Holds DNA
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7
Q

What does mitochondria do?

A
  • Plant and animal cells
  • Oval structure, looks like a hotdog

-Converts stored energy to a more usable form
-Powerhouse of the cell
-Cellular respiration
(C6H12O6 + O2 -> H2O + CO2 + atp)

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8
Q

What does the ER do?

A
  • Plant and animal cells
  • Network of tubes and pockets
  • Transports materials (proteins) around the cell
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9
Q

What do Golgi bodies do?

A
  • Plant and animal cells
  • Long and tubular
  • Collect and process materials to be removed from the cell
  • Makes and secrets mucus
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10
Q

What do vacuoles do?

A
  • Plant and animal cells
  • Single membrane in the form of a sack (fluid filled)
  • Vary depending on the cell
  • Contain substances, removing unwanted ones
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11
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A
  • plant cells ONLY
  • Rigid and porous
  • Supports the cell
  • Protection from physical injury
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12
Q

What do chloroplasts do?

A
  • Plant cells ONLY
  • Absorb sunlight and use it in conjunction with water and carbon dioxide to make food for the plant

Sun + CO2 + H2O -> C6H12O6 + O2

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13
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

-Plant and animal cells

  • RNA is made into protein for the cell
  • Often float around in cytoplasm or are bound to Rough ER
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14
Q

Explain the cell cycle

A
  1. Interphase
    - Cell growth
    - DNA reproduction
    - Preparation for mitosis
  2. Cell division
    Mitosis
    (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase)
  3. Cytokinesis (cell splits)
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15
Q

Prophase?

A

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, nucleolus disappears

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16
Q

Metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate

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17
Q

Anaphase?

A

Chromosomes break at their centromeres, sister chromatids move to opposite sides of the cell

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18
Q

Telophase?

A

Chromosomes are at the poles, nuclear envelope is redeveloping, cytoplasm may be dividing

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19
Q

Why do cells split?

A
  • Reproduction
  • Growth (osmosis)
  • Repair
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20
Q

What is the different between asexual and sexual?

A

Asexual:

  • 1 parent
  • Exact genetic copies
  • Genetic info from one parent

Sexual:

  • 2 parents
  • Half of DNA
  • Genetic info from both parents
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21
Q

What is cell specialization?

A
  • Cells specialize (perform one specific function) as organism develops
  • Physical and chemical differences
  • Perform ONE job very well
  • DNA is the same in ALL cells, they just have different gene expression
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22
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Stem cells can renew themselves, divide and repair/replace tissue

-Early in their life, they have the ability to become any time of cell in the human body

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23
Q

Different types of stem cells?

A

Embryonic

Adult

Meristematic

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24
Q

What are embryonic stem cells?

A

-They undergo differentiation, cells look different from eachother and perform different functions

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25
Q

What are adult stem cells?

A

They replace damaged tissue

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26
Q

What are meristematic stem cells?

A

(Plant cells) produces new cells

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27
Q

Specialized Animal Cells

A

Red blood cell, Bone cells, White blood cells, Fat cells, Nerve cells, Skin cells, Muscle cells

(RBWFNSM)

28
Q

Cells forming tissues?

A
  • Different cells come together to form tissues
  • Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a specific task

-Nerve, Connective, Muscle, Epithelial

29
Q

Describe nerve tissue

A
  • Information, synthesis, communication & control

- Long, thin with fine branches at the ends capable of conducting electricity

30
Q

Describe connective tissue

A
  • Support, strength, electricity, insulation

- Various types of cells & fibres held together by a liquid/solid/gel called matrix

31
Q

Describe muscle tissue

A
  • Skeletal, smooth, cardiac
  • Function: movement
  • Bundles of long cells called fibres that contain specialized proteins capable of shortening/contracting
32
Q

Describe epithelial tissue

A
  • Lining, transport, secretion, absorption
  • Thin sheets, tightly packed cells
  • Cover surfaces and line internal organs
  • Protect from dehydration, low friction
33
Q

Hierarchy of organisms?

A

Organism

Organ system

Organ

Tissue

Cell

34
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

-Gas exchange from the external environment to the internal environment and to remove waste gas from the internal environment

35
Q

Label the parts of the respiratory system

A 
Nasal cavity 
Oral cavity 
Pharynx 
Larynx 
Trachea 
Bronchi 
Bronchioles 
Alveoli 
Lungs
Diaphragm
36
Q

What does the nasal cavity do?

A

-Air is filtered, warned, moistened, mucus covering all internal surfaces

37
Q

What does the pharynx do?

A

-Air from nasal passage meets air from the mouth

38
Q

What does the larynx do?

A

Below pharynx, top of trachea “voice box”

Vibrating cords under muscle control

39
Q

What does the trachea do?

A

Lined with cilia, divides into two bronchi

40
Q

What do bronchioles do?

A

Walls lined with cilia and cartilage, ends with clusters of alveoli

41
Q

Describe how gas exchange works

A
  1. Oxygen molecules diffuse from airspace in the lungs into the blood stream
    Capillaries > Pulmonary vein > heart
  2. CO2 blood: Pulmonary arteries > capillary surrounding airspace in the alveoli > diffuses across nuclear membrane into airspace > exhaled
42
Q

Why can the oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse through the alveolar membrane during gas exchange?

A

Is it moist and 1 cell thick

43
Q

What is breathing?

A

Inhaling and exhaling air to the gas exchange site

44
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

Transfer of oxygen molecules into the blood and carbon monoxide molecules out

45
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Chemical process by which all living cells obtain usable energy

46
Q

What happens to air as it is inhaled and exhaled? (Properties)

A
  • Moistened
  • Warmed
  • Filtered
47
Q

What happens to the pressure in your chest cavity when you inhale?

A

Decreases

48
Q

What happens to the pressure in your chest cavity when you exhale?

A

Increases

49
Q

Describe the two components of the circulatory system

A
  1. Cardiovascular: closed system with a pump, one way valves and plumbing tubes
  2. Lymphatic: pumpless system of vessels and lymph nodes
50
Q

What are the different types of vessels?

A
  1. Arteries: large vessels that carry blood away from the heart
  2. Arterioles: smallest divisions of arteries
  3. Capillary: tiny blood vessels found in tissues
  4. Venules: smallest of veins
  5. Veins: large vessels that carry blood towards the heart
51
Q

What is blood?

A

A substance that transports all substances that must be moved within the body (nutrients, wastes, gases, heat etc.)

52
Q

Describe the heart (look at diagram in notes as well)

A

-Cardiac muscle contracts at the same time (regular beat) to move blood around body
-Divided into four hollow chambers
(Two atria, two ventricles)
-Right pumps first, then left

53
Q

What makes up the nervous system?

A

Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

54
Q

What does the nervous system do?

A

-Sensing environment, coordinating appropriate responses

55
Q

What are some different types of nerves?

A
  1. Nerves that control voluntary muscles
  2. Nerves that regulate involuntary functions
  3. Nerves that carry information from sensory organs to the brain
56
Q

What are the parts of the brain?

A
  • Frontal lobe
  • Parietal lobe
  • Occipital lobe
  • Temporal lobe
57
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Sensory input hits is the Spinal cord which instructs muscle how to react
-Quicker because signals don’t need to be transmitted to/ processed by the brain

58
Q

Describe arteries

A
  • 99% of time carry oxygenated blood
  • Thick walls
  • Carry blood away from heart
  • Smaller lumen where blood flows
  • High pressure
  • Deep inside body
  • Thick, smooth muscle lining
59
Q

Describe veins

A
  • 99% of time carry deoxygenated blood
  • Thinner walks
  • Backflow valves
  • Carry blood to the heart
  • Larger lumen
  • Low pressure
  • Superficial
  • Thin, smooth, elastic muscle lining
60
Q

What is a varicose vein?

A

Backflow valves on the vein and broken and blood rushes through instead of being pushed back

61
Q

What does cell theory state?

A
  1. All living things are made up of one or more cells/their products
  2. The cell is the simplest unit that can carry out all life processes
  3. All cells come from other cells; not non-living matter
62
Q

How do cancer cells differ from normal cells?

A

A cancer cell continues to divide despite messages from the nucleus or surrounding cells to stop growing or dividing

63
Q

What’s the different between cells in a benign and malignant tumour?

A

Benign- lump of cells that stay together but have no serious effect on surrounding tissue

Malignant- Interferes with the fiction of neighbouring cells/tissues or even destroy them

64
Q

What is metastasis?

A

Cancer cells breaking away from the original tumour and making another tumour somewhere else in the body

65
Q

What are the ABCDs of cancer?

A

Asymmetry

Border

Colour

Diameter

Gr. 10 Science (3 decks)

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