Exam Review Flashcards
Define the term agonist
a drug that runs about a specific action by binding with the appropriate receptor
what is an OTC drug?
Over the counter, requires no prescription
List four sources of drugs
plant, animal, mineral, artificial
What is the sequence of events that a drug undergoes in the body from administration to excretion?
Absorption, Distribution, Localization, Biotransformation, Elimination
Most drug excretion occurs via the:
kidney and bladder
Once a drug has been biotransformed in the liver it is called a:
Metabolite
_________ is approved for use in lactating dairy animals
Ceftiofur
__________ can cause staining of teeth in young animals
Tetracycline
_________ should never be given IV to horses as it causes shock
Oxytetracycline
Aminoglycosides are _____ toxic and _______ toxic
nephrotoxic and ototoxic (inner ear)
Griseofulvin is used to treat ______
dermatophytic fungal infection of skin
What is the order of structures oxygen will pass from the environment to the alveoli
Nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, left and right bronchi, left and right lungs, bronchioles, alveoli
What are the 3 basic defence mechanisms of the respiratory tract
Nasal cavity: hair helps filter out particles Reflexes: cough, sneeze Mucociliary clearance: mucus layer on epithelial lining helps trap foreign debris
Expectorants are used for what type of cough?
productive cough
Acetylcysteine is administered in what way? What type of medication should be given prior?
Nebulization. Bronchodilator should be given first to open up the bronchioles and reduce irritation that Acetylcysteine produces
What is the mechanism of action of antitussives?
Suppress cough by depressing the cough centre in the brain
The antibiotic of choice killed the organisms and did not harm the patient. The bacteria is ________ to the antibiotic
Sensitive
The antibiotic of choice either did not kill the organism or harmed the patient in the process. The bacteria is _________ to the antibiotic.
Resistant
What are 3 natural barriers a drug must cross
Blood brain barrier, CSF, eye
What does it mean if a bacteria has Colonized?
The organisms are resistant and won’t be killed by the antibiotic of choice
What are 5 ways in which antimicrobials can fight bacteria?
- disruption of cell wall 2. damage cell membrane 3. interfere with protein synthesis 4. inhibition of nucleic acid production 5. disruption of metabolic activity
What is antibiotic residue?
presence of chemical or its metabolites in animal tissue or food products
How does antibiotic residue in animals contribute to bacterial resistance in humans?
Antibiotic residue in food production animals is then consumed by humans and as we get small doses over a lifetime of meat consumption we are slowly allowing the bacteria in our bodies to become resistant to doses of this antibiotic
One thing that helps a drug penetrate the site of infection vs one thing that helps
inflammation vs abscess
Cephalosporins are ______ by products
fungal
Cephalosporins are susceptible to beta lactamase (true or false)
true (Cephalosporinase)
True or false. Beta lactamase, cephalosporinase and penicillinase are all the same thing
true
What is Betalactamase? What does it do?
It is an enzyme produced by bacteria that’s purpose is to break apart the Beta-Lactum ring which is a crucial part of the Penicillin molecule. Without the ring it is useless against bacteria. Beta-Lactamase is also known as Penicillinase or Cephalosporinase.
Penicillins work by interfering with the development of cell walls of bacteria. This means they are ineffective on adult cells. (true or false)
true
Clavamox is a combination of:
Clavulanic acid and Amoxicillin
What is the only large animal Penicillin
Synergistin (active drugs are ampicillin trihydrate and sulbactum benzathine
Penicillins are quite safe compared to other antibiotics in animals and humans. Why?
Penicillins work by destroying cell walls and mammalian cells do not have cell walls
What is the precaution with using Penicillin or Cephalosporin with a Bacteriostatic drug?
You cannot do this because penicillin and cephalosporin work by destroying developing cell walls. Bacteriostatic drugs inhibit the growth/development of cells (and their cell walls) therefore we are creating resistance by using Penicillin when it is useless.
The higher the number of Generation, the _______ the resistance to beta lactamase
higher
which type of syringe does not have dead space
insulin
is the rectal route realistic in veterinary medicine?
yes
What is the common trade name used for Metronidazole?
Flagyl
U/F granules will have a greater absorption than other types of Griseofulvin (true or false)
true
