Exam review

Question 1

Neural Crest derived mesenchyme from the first and second pharyngeal arches migrates into the

Answer 1

developing face to give rise to facial bones (as well as anterior portion of the sphenoid and frontal bones) and cartilage (Meckel’s cartilage which becomes mandible, incus, and malleus

Question 2

Question 3

What are the contents of the Infratemporal Fossa

Answer 3

• Inferior portion of Temporalis muscle
• Lateral and Medial Pterygoid muscles
• Maxillary artery
• Pterygoid venous plexus
• Nervous structure:
  
  • Inferior Alveolar (V₃)
  • Lingual (V₃)
  • Buccal (V₃)
  • Chorda Tympani (CN VII)
  • Otic ganglion

Question 4

Boundaries of the Infratemporal Fossa

Answer 4

• Lateral
  
  • Ramus of Mandible
• Anterior
  
  • Maxilla
• Medial
  
  • Lateral Pterygoid Plate
• Roof
  
  • Sphenoid
• Posterior
  
  • Tympanic plate and Mastoid and syloid process
• Inferior
  
  • Angle of Mandible

Question 5

Muscles of Mastication are innervated by

Answer 5

CN V₃

Question 6

what are the 4 paired muscles of mastication

Answer 6

• Temporalis
• Masseter
• Lateral pterygoids
• Medial Pterygoids

Question 7

Answer 7

Question 8

What are the functions of the intrinsic muslces of the tongue

Answer 8

• Curls, squeeze, and fold the tongue during chewing and speaking

Question 9

Extrinsic muscles of the tongue

Answer 9

• originate on other head and neck structures and insert on the tongue “Glossus”
• left and right genioglossus originate on the mandible and protract the tongue
• The left and right syloglossus muscles originate on the styloid processes of the temporal bone.
  
  • elevate and retract the tongue (pull the tongue back into the mouth)
• The left and right hyoglossus muscles originate at the hyoid bone and insert on the sides of the tongue.
  
  • Depress and retract the tongue
• The left and right palatoglossus muscles originate on the soft palate.
  
  • Elevate the posterior portion of the tongue

Question 10

• What goes through the pterygoid canal
• What nerves join
  
  • What modalities do they carry

Answer 10

• Deep Petrosal nerve and Greater petrosal nerve joint ot form the nerve of the pterygoid canal
• Deep petrosal nerve arises from the internal carotid plexus and conveys postysnaptic sympathetic fibers which join
• The greater petrosal nerve carry the parasympathetic fibers of the facial nerve (CN VII) to the pterygopalatine ganglion. (Pre-synaptic parasympathetic fibers are form the superior cervical ganglion)

Question 11

Contents of the Pterygopalatine Fossa

Answer 11

• Maxillary Nerve (CN V₂)
• Pterygopalatine ganglion
• Third part of Maxillary artery

Question 12

Focus on the flow of cerebral spinal fluid and where it ends up

Answer 12

• Circulation of CSF
  
  • CSF is produced by the choroid plexus in the ventricles
  • CSF flows form the third ventricle through the mesencephalic aquaduct into the fourth ventricle
  • As the CSF flows through the subarachnoid space, it removes waste products and provides buoyancy to support the brain
  • Excess CSF flows into the arachnoid villi, then drains into the dural venous sinuses. Pressure allows the CSF to be released into the blood without permitting any venous blood to enter the subarachnoid space. The greater pressure on the CSF in the subarachnoid space assures that CSF moves in the venous sinuses

Question 13

functional regions of the cerebral cortex

Answer 13

• Each hemisphere is subdivided into five funcitonal areas called lobes
• Frontal lobe
  
  • Higher intellectual funcitons (concentration, decision making, planning): personality: verbral communication; voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles
  • Cortices and Association areas within lobe:
    
    • Primary motor cortex
    • Premotor cortex
    • motor speech area (broca’s area)
    • Frontla eye fields
• Parietal lobe
  
  • Sensory interpretation of textures and shapes; understanding speech and formulating words to express thoughts and emotions (Wernicke’s area)
  • Cortices and Association areas within lobes
    
    • Primary somatosensory cortex
    • Somatosensory association area
    • Part of Wernicke’s area
    • Part of gnostic area
• Temporal Lobe
  
  • Interpretation of auditory and olfactory sensations; storage of audiotyr and olfactory experiences
  • Cortices and Association Areas within lobe
    
    • Primary auditory cortex
    • Primary olfactory cortex
    • Audiotyr association area
    • Olfactory association area
    • Part of Wernicke’s area
    • Part of gnostic area
• Occipital lobe
  
  • Conscious perception of visual stimuli; integration of eye focusing movements; correlation of visual images with previous visual experiences
  • Cortices and Association areas within Lobe
    
    • Primary visual cortex
    • Visual Association areas
• Insula
  
  • Interpretation of taste; memory
  • Cortices and Association areas within lobe
    
    • primary gustatory cortex

Question 14

What is the difference between nasal conchae and meatus

Answer 14

• Nasal Conchae
  
  • divide nasal cavity into 4 passages
    
    1. spheno-ethmoidal recess (opening of sphenoid sinus)
    2. Superior nasal meatus (opening of ethmoidal sinuses)
    3. Middle nasal meatus (opening of frontal sinus)
       
       • maxillary sinus also opens into middle nasal meatus in posterior part of semilunar hiatus at the maxillary ostium (below ethmoid bulla)
    4. Inferior nasal meautus (opening of nasolacrimal duct)

Question 15

Excess CSF is removed form the subarachnoid space by

Answer 15

Arachnoid granulation

Question 16

Gnostic Area

Answer 16

Parietal, occipital, temporal- E.g. Clock indicates 12:30, smell food cooking, friend talks about hunger, you interpret it to be lunch time

Question 17

Wernicke’s area

Answer 17

left hemisphere- recognize, understand, and comprehend spoken or written language. Works with Broca’s area which is the motor speech area

Question 18

The nasolacrimal duct drains into the

Answer 18

inferior nasal meatus

Question 19

The Palatine tonsil is the nasopharynx or orothopharynx

Answer 19

Oropharynx

Question 20

The malleus and incus originate from ____ while the stapes originates from

Answer 20

Malleus and incus originate from Meckel’s Cartilage and the stapes originates from Reichert’s cartilage

Question 21

The platysma is innervated by

Answer 21

by the cervical branch of the facial nerve

Question 22

What are the 5 facial layers of the neck

Answer 22

• Superficial fascia
• Investing layer
• Pretracheal layer
• Alar fascia and carotid sheath

Question 23

Question 24

The middle ear connets to the ______ via the pharyngotympanic tube (Eustacian Tube)

Answer 24

Nasopharynx

Question 25

• What are the infra hyoid muscles
• Where do they sit in relation to the thyroid

Answer 25

• Sternohyoid and Omohyoid (ansa cervicalis)
  
  • Depress and steady hyoid
• Sternothyroid (ansa cervicalis)
  
  • Depress hyoid and larynx
• Thyrohyoid (C1 via the hypoglossus nerve)
  
  • Depress hyoid and elevate larynx

Question 26

What innervates the Scalenes muscles

Answer 26

brachial plexus

Question 27

Are the preverebral muslces innervated by dorsal or ventral rami?

Answer 27

Ventral

Question 28

Differences in the Right and Left recurrent Laryngeal nerves

Answer 28

• The right RLN branches from the right vagus nerve in the neck at the left of T1-T2 or more inferiorly, anterior to the right subclavian artery.[4] It travels inferior and posterior to the subclavian artery to ascend in the neck between the trachea and the esophagus, behind the right common carotid artery in the tracheoesophageal fascia. The left RLN branches from the left vagus nerve in the thorax. It travels inferior and then posterior to the arch of the aorta to ascend into the neck in between the trachea and esophagus. The terminal portion of both RLNs pass superiorly, deep to the inferior border of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle, just posterior to the cricothyroid joint to supply the interarytenoid, posterior cricoarytenoid, and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles

Question 29

What is the Submandibular ducts realationship to the lingual nerve and where the hypoglossal nerve is in realtion to it.

Answer 29

The submandibular duct is superior and medial to the lingual nerve (pretty much sets on top of it) while the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) is lateral

Question 30

What is the difference between a tracheostomy and cricothyrotomy

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