exam review Flashcards
causes of WW1 (MAIN
Militarism
-Industrial Revolution led to advancement of militaries in Europe (new technologies to advance army)
Alliances
-Triple Alliance/ Central Powers (Germany, Italy, Austria Hungary)
-Triple Entente/Allied Powers (Britain, France, Russia)
-growing rivalries among nations in EU led to formation of 2 military alliances
Imperialism
-nations of the EU fought for colonies in Asia, Africa
Nationalism
-within Balkans, intense nationalism of Serbs, Bulgarians led to demand for independence (Slavic people wanted to unify all Slavs but A-H opposed)
women’s involvment in ww1
- -large numbers of women were recruited into jobs vacated by men who had gone to fight in the war
- -Women’s employment rates increased from 23.6% in 1914 to 46.7% in 1918
- -Military Service Act introduced stating all women who had husbands or sons fighting in war as well as those fighting in war were given the right to vote. Women had contributed greatly to war effort and able to bargin for full sffrage after war.
ww1 weapons/technology
CHEMICAL WARFARE: deadliest weapon
TANKS: used as transportation and protection from enemy
LIGHTWEIGHT MACHINE GUNS: used to defend against enemy and were able to be used on the move
FOKKER EINGDECKER: aircraft with machine gun
war measures act
PM Borden relaized to meet demands of war the government needed more control over country’s affairs
- granted gov. with authority to do everything necessary
- striped citizens of civil liberties
- habeas corpus was suspended
- anyone suspected of being of enemy descent to be jailed or deported (8579 immigrants form GER jailed)
Battle of the Somme
July 1 1916-Nov 18 1916: General Douglas Haig launches
- wave upon wave of troops were ordered to march across open fields (no-mans land)
- almost immediately mowed down by german machine guns
- CAN distinguised themselves during Somme
- when battle ended over 1 million casualties, canada had 24,000 casualties
- -bloodiest battle in history
Battle of Ypres
April 22,1915-May 25 1915 (Ypres, Belgium, WF)
- had to protect area becuase it was last major belgian town in allies hands
- CAN first major role in ww1
- France attacked by CL gas, CAN fought hard to defend exposed position after France retreated
- CAN counterattacked to stall GER advance
- Ypres demolished in end
- 1st time former colonial force defeated european power
Vimy Ridge
When/where:Ap. 9-12, 1917 ( Vimy Ridge,Northern France)
-Vimy Ridge was a key to the german defense system
-Lt. Gen. Byng of Canadian Corps ordered new tactics
-artillery barrage smash german’s position and isolate enemy troops
-5:30 am April 9, 1000 guns open fire on GER positions
-15000 CANs rose from trenches and advanced to ridge
-CAN captured most of ridge on 9th and rest on 12th
(Plantoon system, communications, Indirect Machine Gun Fire, Artillery Preparations, Creeping Barrage,Good intelligence)
passchendale
July 31, 1917-Nov 10, 1917 (passendale, BEL, WF)
- byng was replaced by a Canadian, GENERAL Arthur Currie, the first canadian even appointed to command Canada’s troops
- currie & CEF called upon to retake Passchendaele Ridge in Belgium.
- Haig’s earlier assault on Passchendaele left massive shell craters in the ground
- Currie warned that casualties would be high
- -british command didn’t listen to Currie’s protests
- Currie was right: the Allies won the battle but the victory cost of 15000 canadian lives and nearly half a million soldiers on both sides
- CAN captured PASS but GER later recpatured PASS
prohibition
-the movement to ban the production, importation, and transportation of liquor.
-WANT IT: Women’s Christian Temperance Union, Dominion Alliance for the Total Suppression of the Liquor Traffic, Presbyterians
PROS: instant decrease in crime, Workers brought pay checks to their families instead of to the bar, Workers worked more efficiently because they weren’t drunk on the job
CONS: A new type of crime was created called “Boot Legging”, gov. lost millions of dollars that could have been made on alcohol taxes
REACTION: boot legging (distribute alcohol illegal), Blind Pigs (chage entrance to see “pig” for poor), speakeasiers (illegal drinking spots)
spanish flu
winter of 1918-1919 cause: close living conditions, spread overseas due to soldiers returning home symptoms: -struck almost immediately -fatigue -raging fever -throat and mouth turned flaming red -lungs filled with strangling pus Canadians' reaction: 50-100 million deaths worldwide, targeted healthy youths
stock market crash
Tuesday Oct. 29, 1929 (Black Tuesday) NYStock Exchange crashed
—stock prices fell drastically, traders told to SELL SELL SELL, 16+ million stocks changes hands, prices cont. fell
great depression
CAUSES:
—tariffs and US protection
—overproduction
—economic dependence on exports
—debt from WW1
—reckless speculation and stock market crash
LIFE IN CAN:
—27% unemployment rate, dependedent on gov. for survival
—many people lost everything (house, car, money)
—Young Street Mission–> feed and clothes thousands
—pogey–> gov. relief payments
—-300,000 left CAN go to LA, Bennett created camps to house and provide owkr for single CAN men
PM RESPONSE:
—Unemployment Relief Act (1931)- gave prov. $20mill for work creation programs
—Tarrifs–> “ to blast away” into world markets and out of depression
—Prairie Farm Rehab Act (1935)—>help farmers build irrigation systems and reseviors
causes of ww2
League of Nations failed
-didnt include every nation, no army, must be unanamous voting
Totalitarian leaders had nationalistic ambitions
Hilter threatened to invade Sudentendland, British and French leaders met with him in Munich to try to negotiate
-Germany would get the Sudetenland and wouldn’t invade the rest of Czechoslovakia (munich Agreement)
-6month later Hitler invaded Czech
Germany and Italy felt they had been cheated by Treaties after WWI
-order troops to Rhineland (violation of Treaty of Versailles, but Britain and France chose not to act)
-Hilter annexed Austria (violation of ToV)
The Depression had crippled economies worldwide and people were desperate for a solution
italian campaign
ORTONA:
-The Allies followed the Germans as they retreated to mainland Italy
-Canadians had the task of capturing the heavily fortified town of Ortona
–Capture several smaller villages
–Cross the Moro river
–Fight across several kms of German occupied territory
-Advances were slow approaching the town, battles were fought house by house on steep, rubblefilled streets (mouseholing)
-December 2, 1943: Canadians captured the town
–Lost 1372 soldiers before the Germans withdrew
SICILY:
-July 10, 1943 – August 17, 1943: Allied forces invade Sicily
-Goal: to drive Axis powers off the island + to open Mediterranean sea lanes forAllied merchant ships
-CAN fought their opponents in an amphibious battle
-Captured the island after 38 days
–This victory led to Mussolini’s downfall (later killed)
-Germans still defended their Italian territory and could subsequently focus less on theEastern Front
crimes against humanity (Holocaust)
HOLOCAUST: “Final Solution to the Jewish Question” Nazi Party believed that German people were a “master race” of Aryans (non-aryans were inferior) As early as 1933, Nazis set up concentration camps to isolate these people from German society STRIPPING OF RIGHTS -1935: Nuremberg Laws SEGREGATION -ghettos CONCENTRATION -concentration camps -Slave labor “annihilation by work” EXTERMINATION -death factories -euthinasia -mobile killing units
battle of the atlantic
September 1939 – 1945
Germany was trying to starve Britain by cutting off vital shipping routes (Uk rely on imports for citizens and miltary survival)
The struggle between Allies and Axis powers to control the Allies’ shipping route across the Atlantic Ocean
Britain cracked the German naval code, the Allies could track German submarine movements more easily
CAN convoy of ships protected vessels carrying war supplies and food heading Britain
GER used submarines to attack Allies
dieppe
August 19th 1942
One Canadian ship met a small German convoy; engaged in brief sea battle
Noise alerted German ships on the shore
Allied ships were delayed; landed in daylight instead of at dawn
Tanks were ineffective; no traction on steep, pebbled beach
Communication between ships and land troops was poor
LEARNING EXPERIENCE: Allies became more subtle and secretive
D-Day
June 6, 1944: Allies launched a full scale invasion of Europe
Canadians rehearsed and practised to avoid a situation like Dieppe
Allies landed their troops on 5 beaches along the Normandy Coast in Northern France
Soldiers on the beaches had massive air and naval support ( Allies bring in 1,000,000+ men, vehicles and supplies)
Disrupted transportation and communication lines by dropping paratroopers and bombing targets
Allies kept details a secret from the Germans
end of war: atomic bomb
MANHATTAN PROJECT: A top secret plan to develop an atomic bomb (Allies)
August 6th 1945: an American bomber plane Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb over the city of Hiroshima
August 9th 1945: another atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki
The Japanese realized they could not withstand the power of the new U.S. weapon, and signed a formal instrument of surrender on September 2, 1945.
200,000 deaths, cancers, burns
baby boomers &consumerism
population increase after ww2
-Those who had postponed marriage because of war began families
largest population therefore had the most influence on politics and society (protests)
NEW PRODUCTS:
television (20% of annual income)
automobile (3.5 million purchased)
quebec seperatism & October Crisis
OCTOBER CRISIS
-Trudeau took forceful stand against Quebec nationalists
-Oct 1970: FLQ members kidnapped British Diplomat James Cross
In exchange for release, FLQ demanded release of FLQ members from prison and public reading of FLQ manifesto
Quebec Premier, Robert Bourassa agreed to most of demands, but refused release of FLQ members
In response FLQ kidnapped Quebec labour minister Pierre Laporte (later killed)
Trudeau took action: imposed War Measures ACt
SEPERATISM
-Quebecois nationalism and separatism movement grew in 1960s and 1970s
-Resented what they perceived as injustices at hands of English CAN
-For some, only solution was new country independent of CAN
–Extremists joined terrorists groups such as Front de Liberation du Quebec (FLQ)
-FLQ blew up mailboxes and attacked symbols of English CAN power in quebec
New Canadian Flag
- Some CAN, red ensign too british to be symbol of CAN
- Many opposed new flag for traditional reasons
- When ensued was emotional debate that split country
- Hundreds of flags designs submitted and red and white maple leaf chosen
- Feb 15 1965: new CAN flag flown on Parliament Hill for 1st time
- English CAN predominantly regard flag with pride and affection
- People from QUebec continue to primarily fly fleurdelys
Space Race (cold war)
SPACE RACE
- 2 cold war rivals for supremacy in spaceflight capability (USA and USSR)
- Space race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, unmanned space probes of Moon & Venus & Mars, human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to Moon
- Copy Cats (USA did something, USSR did it too)
- Oct 4 1957: USSR launch Sputnik 1
- April 12 1961: USSR put first human in space Yuri Gagarin
- July 20 1969: US crew on Apollo 111 became first humans to set foot on moon
- April 1972: beginning of cooperation between USSR/USA
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
April 17, 1982--> New Constitution signed into law giving Canada right to make their own laws and change constitution (full autonomy) New constitution included charter of rights and freedoms --mobility rights --democracy rights --fundamental rights --legal rights --official languages --equality right --minority languages educational rights
