exam review 2 Flashcards
hirsutism
excessive secretion of androgens from an adrenal tumor resulting in excessive hairiness
striae
silvery white scars left from extreme stretching of skin causing dermal tears
alopecia
hair thinning in both sexes after age 40
craniosynostosis
birth defect in which one or more sutures close too early causing asymmetrical brain and skull growth due to an increase in cranial pressure
koilonychia
“spoon nails” (concave), sign of hypochromatic anemia (chronic iron deviancy) treatment is iron supplements or consume more foods with iron
1st degree burn
only epidermis is damaged
sympomts as with acute inflammation (heat, redness, pain, swelling)
2nd degree burn
epidermis and upper part of dermis are damaged
same symptoms as 1st but with blisters
little or no scarring
heals in 3-4 wks
3rd degree burn
full thickness burn
damage to full thickness of epidermis and dermis
appears gray-white, cherry red or black
slow healing may need skin graft
melanin
produced by melanocytes that is packaged into melanosomes which are transferred to keratinocytes to protect nucleus from UV damage
stratum granulosum
keratinocytes appear grainy
flatten and fill with keratin
granules secrete glycolipids
waterproofs cells from the outside
*most superficial layer of living cells because it is too far from the blood vessels
mucous membrane
lines the nasal cavity and consists of mucus-secreting cells and epithelium that propels the mucus
serous membrane
hair growth phases
anagen phase
catagen phase
telogen phase
anagen phase
active phase, new hair growth production
2-6 yrs
catagen phase
(transition phase) marks end of the active phase
1-2 wks
telogen phase
resting period for the follicle
5-6 wks
bone tissue
classified of connective tissue
also known as lamellae
compact bone
spongy bone
appositional growth
how bones widen
osteoblasts in the periosteum add compact bone to outer surface
increases width of diaphysis
bones remodeled by resorption
osteoclasts resorb excess bone from the outside and also from inside the medullary cavity
keeps bone lightweight and maintains its shape
bone categories
long
short
irregular
flat
sesamoid
long bone
longer than wide
distinct shaft
distinct ends
medullary cavity filled with yellow bone marrow (fat)
EX of long bone
humerus
radius
ulna
femur
tibia
fibula
bones of pal, fingers, sole, toes
3 regions of long bone
proximal epiphysis
diaphysis
distal epiphysis
short bones
cube-like bones
EX of short bones
carpals (wrists)
tarsals (ankles)
patellae (kneecaps)
sesamoid (special type of short bone)
flat bones
thin, flattened bones
no medullar caviy
EX of flat bones
sternum
ribs
scapulae
roofing (cranial) bones of skull
irregular bones
irregular shape
EX of irregular bones
vertebrae
hip bones
certain facial and cranial bones
what bones don’t have diaphysis, epiphysis, or medullar cavities
short, flat, irregular bones
bony depression or prominence in which the pituitary gland sits
sella turcica of sphenoid bone
trabeculae
thin beams of bone that give spongy bone its open “spongy” appearance
cervical curvature (concave)
C1-C7, 7 vertebrae
thoracic curvature (convex)
T1-T12, 12 vertebrae,
intervertebral discs and foramen
lumbar curvature (concave)
L1-L5, 5 vertebrae
sacral curvature (convex)
5 fused vertebrae, sacrum
coccyx
4 fused vertebrae
intramembranous ossification
form by intramembranous ossification
develop from an existing membrane of dense (fibrous) CT proper
include: clavicles and roofing bones of the skull
fontanelles are sites of CT membrane that continues to fill in after birth by intramembranous ossification
echochondral ossification
all bones below the base of the skull (except the clavicles) develop
steps in endochondral ossification
- bone collar forms; around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model
- cartilage calcifies; in the center of the diaphysis and then develops cavities
- the periosteal bud invades; the internal cavities and spongy bone forms
- the diaphysis elongates; and a medullary cavity forms. secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses
- the epiphyses ossify; when ossification is complete hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilage.
types of cartilage
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
hyaline cartilage
most abundant type
numerous fine collagen fibers
gives firm support, some flexibility
resists compressive stress
elastic cartilage
more elastic fibers than hyaline cartilage
provides strength and great flexibility
fibrocartilage
thick parallel bundles of collagen fibers alternate with rows of chondrocytes
compressible; acts as a shock absorber
withstands heavy pressure
EX of hyaline cartilage
articular cartilage
nasal cartilage
coastal cartilage
thyroid
cricoid
respiratory cartilage
larynx
EX of elastic cartilage
external ear (pinna)
epiglottis
EX of fibrocartilage
pubic symphysis
meniscus
cartilage in intervertebral disc
how are hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage similar
both are avascular
sudoriferous (sweat) glands
located in the dermis, secretes sweat that contain antimicrobial proteins because of body temperature regulation
dermis
deep to the epidermis
bulk of the skin
two layers of papillary and reticular
strong, flexible connective tissue
cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, occasionally mast cells and white blood cells
fibers in matrix bind body together
contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
contains epidermal hair follicles, oil glands, and sweat glands
bone fractures review with pics
comminuted, compression, spiral, epiphyseal, depressed, greenstick
3 bone fracture classifications
position of bone ends after fracture
completeness of break
whether skin is penetrated
position of bone ends after fracture
nondisplaced: ends retain normal position
displaced: ends are out of normal alignment
completeness of break
complete: broken all the way through
incomplete: not broken all the way through
whether skin is penetrated
open (compound): skin is penetrated
closed (simple): skin isn’t penetrated
bony structures of the skull
review anterior image
skull bones
review anterior image
identify nasal conchae
review anterior image
function: help form lateral walls
create turbulence in inspired air
helps warm, moisten and cleanse the air
maxilla and mandible
review anterior image
identify ethmoid bone
review anterior image
function: cribriform plates (form roof of the nasal cavity)
superior & middle nasal conchae (help form lateral walls)
perpendicular plate (helps form the nasal septum
different types of ribs
review ribcage image
true ribs
false ribs
floating ribs
fake (false) ribs
review ribcage image
function: protects, supports, attaches to breathing muscles
pairs 8-12
(8-10) attach indirectly to sternum by costal cartilage
(11-12; floating ribs) don’t attach to sternum
sternum and xiphoid process
review ribcage image
consists of manubrium (1-2), body (2-7), and xiphoid process (diaphragm muscle)
types of ribs
review ribcage image
true ribs
false ribs
floating ribs
is skin an organ
skin is the largest organ of the body because it covers the body, has multiple tissue types and a membrane
5th layer of skin
stratum lucidum (clear layer)
found only in thick skin like palms of hands or feet
consists of thin translucent band of two to three rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes
vertebral foramina
cervical vertebral foramina (enlarged cuz of spinal cord due to the large number of nerves that innervate the upper limbs)
thoracic vertebral foramina (decrease in diameter cuz fewer nerves are carried in the thoracic spinal nerves)
lumbar vertebral foramina ( spinal cord enlarged due to numerous nerves innervating the lower limbs)
Come Lets Get Some Beer
stratum Corneum, stratum Lucidum, stratum Granulosum, stratum Spinosum, stratum Basale
osteocyte
embedded in pits of calcified matrix (lacunae)
most frequently fractured area of the humerus
surgical neck
3 areas of hip bony prominence
review image of hip bone
colles fracture
fracture of the distal forearm which the broken end of the radius is bent backward
complications can include damage to median nerve
very common person falling attempts to break fall with outstretched hands
bimalleolar fracture
break in the distal ends of both the tibia and fibula
fracture of both the medial malleolus of the tibia and the lateral malleolus of the fibula
bone fractures
review images
colles fracture, acromial claviular fracture, bimalleolar fracture, humeral fracture
bone fracture repair
- hematoma forms
- fibrocartilaginous callus forms
- bony callus forms
- bone remodeling occurs
rule of 9’s
review burn image
anterior and posterior head and neck: 9%
anterior and posterior upper limbs: 18%
anterior and posterior trunk: 36%
perineum: 1%
anterior and posterior lower limbs: 36%
clavicle anatomy & bony prominence
review image of clavicle
