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A&P 1 > exam review 1 > Flashcards

exam review 1 Flashcards

1
Q

where do you find simple squamous epithelium in the body?

A

serous membranes, alveoli of lungs, capillaries, kidney filtration membranes

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2
Q

where do you find stratified squamous in the body

A

epidermis, mouth, esophagus, anus, vagina

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3
Q

where do you find transitional epithelium in the body

A

only in the urinary system: lining of uterus bladder and superior region of urethra

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4
Q

what is a variable

A

is what’s being maintained in homeostatic balance

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5
Q

what is an effector

A

the action the brain wants you to do

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6
Q

whats a control center

A

brain, the central nervous system determines set point for the variable and receives input from receptor and determines appropriate response

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7
Q

whats a receptor

A

detects change and responds to stimuli, 2nd step in homeostasis

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8
Q

whats a stimulus

A

produces a change in variable, 1st step in homeostasis

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9
Q

what are the two cases where ATP is required to pump sodium and potassium

A

Na+/K+ pump (primary active transport), and vesicular transport which includes endocytosis and exocytosis

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10
Q

characteristics of loose connective tissue and what it looks like

A

formed by fibroblasts is areolar, cushions and wraps organs provides access for nerves and blood vessels most widely distributed CT

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11
Q

characteristics of dense connective tissue and what it looks like

A

dense regular parallel collagen fibers major cell is fibroblasts and dense irregularly arranged collagen fibers major cell is fibroblasts

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12
Q

what does it mean when something is proximal to something

A

it is closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

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13
Q

what does it mean when something is distal to something

A

it is farther away from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body’s trunk

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14
Q

characteristics of the phospholipid bilayer

A

polar heads, nonpolar tails, the plasma membrane is a selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer

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15
Q

what is simple diffusion

A

movement is unassisted, nonpolar and lipid soluble solutes diffuse directly through the membrane (O2, CO2, fatty acids, alcohol)

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16
Q

what is simple columnar

A

a single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei, absorption, and secretion of mucus, enzymes

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17
Q

where do you find simple columnar

A

stomach, small and large intestines, uterine lining

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18
Q

what is simple squamous

A

single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei, diffusion and filtration

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19
Q

where do you find simple squamous

A

serous membranes, alveoli of lungs, capillaries, kidney filtration membranes

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20
Q

what is simple cuboidal

A

single layer of cubelike cells large spherical central nuclei, secretion and absorption of small solutes, ions

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21
Q

where do u find simple cuboidal

A

kidney tubules

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22
Q

what is stratified squamous

A

several layers, basal cells are cuboidal or columnar protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

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23
Q

where do you find stratified squamous

A

forms external part of skin (dry) epidermis keratinized type, and extends into body openings that is directly continuous with skin (wet) mouth, esophagus, anus, vagina

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24
Q

what is pseudostratified columnar

A

a single layer of columnar cells of varying heights

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25
Q

where do you find pseudostratified columnar

A

upper respiratory tract

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26
Q

what are the 2 membranes that cover the heart, what do they secrete, and the reason they are there

A

visceral layer (covers outside of an organ), parietal layer ( lines the cavity the organ sits in) secrets serous fluid to reduce friction between neighboring organs or an organ and the wall of the cavity it sits in

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27
Q

where does ground substance and matrix come from in connective tissue

A

fibroblasts actively secrete ground substance and matrix protein fibers in CT proper

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28
Q

frontal/coronal plane

A

divides into anterior and posterior

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29
Q

transverse plane

A

divides into inferior and superior

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30
Q

midsaggital plane

A

divides into left and right

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31
Q

what are cilia, their function, and the point in having them in relation to cells

A

hair-like structures that propel substances (mucus) along the surface

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32
Q

what is microvilli, its function, and the point in having them in relation to cells

A

fingerlike structures that increase the cell’s surface area

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33
Q

what are desmosomes, their function, and the point in having them in relation to cells

A

have plaques that anchor the cytoskeleton, linker glycoproteins from the plaques join in space between cells to prevent their separation

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34
Q

what are tight junctions, their function, and the point in having them in relation to cells

A

impermeable junctions, prevent molecules from passing through the intercellular space

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35
Q

body cavities

A

-cephalic
-cervical
-thoracic
-abdominal
-pelvic
-pubic
-upper limb
-manus
-lower limb
-pedal

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36
Q

epithelial tissue characteristics

A

-polarity
-specialized connections
-supported by connective tissue
-avascular but innervated
-regeneration

37
Q

superior

A

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

38
Q

inferior

A

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body; below

39
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

40
Q

medial

A

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

41
Q

proximal

A

closer to the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

42
Q

distal

A

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

43
Q

intermediate

A

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

44
Q

superficial

A

toward or at the body surface

45
Q

deep

A

away from the body surface; more internal

46
Q

ventral

A

towards or at the front of the body; in front of

47
Q

anterior

A

towards or at the front of the body; in front of

48
Q

dorsal

A

toward or at the back of the body; behind

49
Q

posterior

A

toward or at the back of the body; behind

50
Q

what is simple diffusion and why is it called that

A

movement is unassisted, nonpolar and lipid soluble solutes diffuse directly through the membrane

51
Q

what is active transport and why is it called that

A

uses ATP, transports solutes against their concentration gradient (low to high)

52
Q

what is osmosis and why is it called that

A

diffusion of water through a specific channel protein (aquaporin) or through the lipid bilayer

53
Q

what is carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion and why is it called that

A

passive diffusion of polar molecules is assisted by protein carriers that bind to the molecules and change shape

54
Q

what is channel mediated facilitated diffusion and why is it called that

A

ions passively diffuse in or out of the cell through an ion channel, leak channels are always open (open doorway), and gated channels open due to electrical or chemical signals (automatic sliding door)

55
Q

what are the membranes around the lung and heart

A

serous membranes; pericardium membranes associated with the heart (parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium), pleurae membranes associated with the lungs (parietal pleura, visceral pleura)

56
Q

what are the membranes around the peritoneum

A

serous membranes; peritoneum associated with abdominopelvic cavity; parietal peritoneum, visceral peritoneum

57
Q

what are the basic tissue types

A

epithelium tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue

58
Q

what is the principle of complementary structure and function

A

they complement each other, knowing the structure can suggest the function, and knowing the function can suggest the structure

ex. the absence of a nucleus allows a RBC to fold as it passes through narrow capillaries so O2 can readily be delivered to body cells (structure permits the function)

59
Q

characteristics of active transport

A

-substances move from areas of low concentration to high concentration
-uses cellular energy (ATP)
-net movement stops when it reaches an equilibrium
-ion movement via pumps
-secondary active transport co-transported with Na+

60
Q

characteristics of passive transport

A

-requires no ATP
-movement of water (osmosis)
-substances move down its concentration gradient (high to low)
-ion movement via channels
-movement of sugars and amino acids (both)
-is facilitated diffusion via carriers

61
Q

is skin an organ, why or why not

A

is the largest organ, 8lbs covers 22 sq ft

62
Q

what is negative feedback, examples

A

it controls the process that requires continuous adjustments; the most common, example is an air conditioner once it gets to the set temp. it shuts off

63
Q

how does negative feedback shut off

A

once the body is back to normal it returns to balance; homestasis

64
Q

how much sodium is in or outside the cell

A

is high only in the extracellular fluid (blood plasms and interstitial fluid)

65
Q

how much potassium is in or out of the cell

A

is high only in the intracellular fluid (cell cytosol)

66
Q

where is sodium or potassium located in the cell

A

there is more sodium outside and there is more potassium inside

67
Q

what is the body trying to do in endocytosis

A

moves particles into the cell; phagocytosis

68
Q

what is the body trying to do in exocytosis

A

moves particle out of the cell; secretion

69
Q

what is the basic job of gap junctions inside the cell

A

allows ions and small molecules to pass from one cell to the next

70
Q

what is the basic job of desmosomes inside the cell

A

have plaques that are proteins that anchor the cytoskeleton and have linker glycoproteins from the plaques that join in the space between the cells to prevent separation

71
Q

what is the basic job of tight junctions inside the cell

A

prevents molecules from passing through the intercellular space

useful in the small intestine by forcing digestions products to be absorbed by passing across cells than in between

72
Q

how do epithelial cells get their nutrients and oxygen

A

because it is avascular the epithelial cells are nourished by blood vessels that run through the CT and nutrients filter up through the basement membrane

from blood vessels within the underlying CT layers

73
Q

What plane divides into left and right

A

median/midsagittal plane

74
Q

what plane divides into anterior and posterior

A

frontal/coronal plane

75
Q

what plane divides into inferior and superior

A

Transverse plane

76
Q

what type of tissue is with the urinary bladder

A

transitional stratified epithelium, stretches as the urinary structures fill or empty with urine

77
Q

what is cilia and its function

A

hair-like structures that propel substances (like mucus) along the cell surface

78
Q

what are tight junctions and its function

A

“watertight” impermeable junctions, prevent molecules from passing through the intercellular space

79
Q

what are goblet cells and its function

A

are modified simple columnar epithelial cells, they store and secrete mucin protein which forms mucus

80
Q

what are the types of cancer, invasive one, and how does it invade tissues

A

cancerous epithelial cells aren’t contained by the basement membrane boundary. they penetrate the boundary and invade underlying tissues resulting in spread of cancer (metastasis)

81
Q

what are the common characteristics of all connective tissue

A

all CT consists of cells and extracellular matrix that ranges from liquid to solid

82
Q

what are the characteristics of cartilage and bone

A

cartilage is formed by chondroblasts and supports and reinforces, located mainly in ribs, nose trachea. bone is formed by osteoblasts and supports and protects, located in bones.

83
Q

what is adipose tissue

A

fat; main cells are adipocytes, gel-like matrix few protein fibers, located in hypodermis

84
Q

what is loose areolar tissue

A

usually the CT proper that epithelial sheets are supported by

85
Q

what is dense irregular tissue

A

irregularly arranged collagen fibers, some elastic fibers, fibroblasts is main cell type

86
Q

what is dense regular tissue

A

mainly parallel collagen fibers with a few elastic fibers major cells is fibroblasts

87
Q

what is cartilage

A

avascular, formed by chondroblasts with a matrix more firm than dense CT proper, imperceptible network of fine collagen fibers

88
Q

what is bone tissue

A

is formed by osteoblasts and is a calcified matrix with numerous collagen fibers; highly vascularized

A&P 1 (3 decks)

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