exam review 1 Flashcards
where do you find simple squamous epithelium in the body?
serous membranes, alveoli of lungs, capillaries, kidney filtration membranes
where do you find stratified squamous in the body
epidermis, mouth, esophagus, anus, vagina
where do you find transitional epithelium in the body
only in the urinary system: lining of uterus bladder and superior region of urethra
what is a variable
is what’s being maintained in homeostatic balance
what is an effector
the action the brain wants you to do
whats a control center
brain, the central nervous system determines set point for the variable and receives input from receptor and determines appropriate response
whats a receptor
detects change and responds to stimuli, 2nd step in homeostasis
whats a stimulus
produces a change in variable, 1st step in homeostasis
what are the two cases where ATP is required to pump sodium and potassium
Na+/K+ pump (primary active transport), and vesicular transport which includes endocytosis and exocytosis
characteristics of loose connective tissue and what it looks like
formed by fibroblasts is areolar, cushions and wraps organs provides access for nerves and blood vessels most widely distributed CT
characteristics of dense connective tissue and what it looks like
dense regular parallel collagen fibers major cell is fibroblasts and dense irregularly arranged collagen fibers major cell is fibroblasts
what does it mean when something is proximal to something
it is closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
what does it mean when something is distal to something
it is farther away from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body’s trunk
characteristics of the phospholipid bilayer
polar heads, nonpolar tails, the plasma membrane is a selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer
what is simple diffusion
movement is unassisted, nonpolar and lipid soluble solutes diffuse directly through the membrane (O2, CO2, fatty acids, alcohol)
what is simple columnar
a single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei, absorption, and secretion of mucus, enzymes
where do you find simple columnar
stomach, small and large intestines, uterine lining
what is simple squamous
single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei, diffusion and filtration
where do you find simple squamous
serous membranes, alveoli of lungs, capillaries, kidney filtration membranes
what is simple cuboidal
single layer of cubelike cells large spherical central nuclei, secretion and absorption of small solutes, ions
where do u find simple cuboidal
kidney tubules
what is stratified squamous
several layers, basal cells are cuboidal or columnar protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
where do you find stratified squamous
forms external part of skin (dry) epidermis keratinized type, and extends into body openings that is directly continuous with skin (wet) mouth, esophagus, anus, vagina
what is pseudostratified columnar
a single layer of columnar cells of varying heights
where do you find pseudostratified columnar
upper respiratory tract
what are the 2 membranes that cover the heart, what do they secrete, and the reason they are there
visceral layer (covers outside of an organ), parietal layer ( lines the cavity the organ sits in) secrets serous fluid to reduce friction between neighboring organs or an organ and the wall of the cavity it sits in
where does ground substance and matrix come from in connective tissue
fibroblasts actively secrete ground substance and matrix protein fibers in CT proper
frontal/coronal plane
divides into anterior and posterior
transverse plane
divides into inferior and superior
midsaggital plane
divides into left and right
what are cilia, their function, and the point in having them in relation to cells
hair-like structures that propel substances (mucus) along the surface
what is microvilli, its function, and the point in having them in relation to cells
fingerlike structures that increase the cell’s surface area
what are desmosomes, their function, and the point in having them in relation to cells
have plaques that anchor the cytoskeleton, linker glycoproteins from the plaques join in space between cells to prevent their separation
what are tight junctions, their function, and the point in having them in relation to cells
impermeable junctions, prevent molecules from passing through the intercellular space
body cavities
-cephalic
-cervical
-thoracic
-abdominal
-pelvic
-pubic
-upper limb
-manus
-lower limb
-pedal
epithelial tissue characteristics
-polarity
-specialized connections
-supported by connective tissue
-avascular but innervated
-regeneration
superior
toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
inferior
away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body; below
lateral
away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
medial
toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
proximal
closer to the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
distal
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
intermediate
between a more medial and a more lateral structure
superficial
toward or at the body surface
deep
away from the body surface; more internal
ventral
towards or at the front of the body; in front of
anterior
towards or at the front of the body; in front of
dorsal
toward or at the back of the body; behind
posterior
toward or at the back of the body; behind
what is simple diffusion and why is it called that
movement is unassisted, nonpolar and lipid soluble solutes diffuse directly through the membrane
what is active transport and why is it called that
uses ATP, transports solutes against their concentration gradient (low to high)
what is osmosis and why is it called that
diffusion of water through a specific channel protein (aquaporin) or through the lipid bilayer
what is carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion and why is it called that
passive diffusion of polar molecules is assisted by protein carriers that bind to the molecules and change shape
what is channel mediated facilitated diffusion and why is it called that
ions passively diffuse in or out of the cell through an ion channel, leak channels are always open (open doorway), and gated channels open due to electrical or chemical signals (automatic sliding door)
what are the membranes around the lung and heart
serous membranes; pericardium membranes associated with the heart (parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium), pleurae membranes associated with the lungs (parietal pleura, visceral pleura)
what are the membranes around the peritoneum
serous membranes; peritoneum associated with abdominopelvic cavity; parietal peritoneum, visceral peritoneum
what are the basic tissue types
epithelium tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue
what is the principle of complementary structure and function
they complement each other, knowing the structure can suggest the function, and knowing the function can suggest the structure
ex. the absence of a nucleus allows a RBC to fold as it passes through narrow capillaries so O2 can readily be delivered to body cells (structure permits the function)
characteristics of active transport
-substances move from areas of low concentration to high concentration
-uses cellular energy (ATP)
-net movement stops when it reaches an equilibrium
-ion movement via pumps
-secondary active transport co-transported with Na+
characteristics of passive transport
-requires no ATP
-movement of water (osmosis)
-substances move down its concentration gradient (high to low)
-ion movement via channels
-movement of sugars and amino acids (both)
-is facilitated diffusion via carriers
is skin an organ, why or why not
is the largest organ, 8lbs covers 22 sq ft
what is negative feedback, examples
it controls the process that requires continuous adjustments; the most common, example is an air conditioner once it gets to the set temp. it shuts off
how does negative feedback shut off
once the body is back to normal it returns to balance; homestasis
how much sodium is in or outside the cell
is high only in the extracellular fluid (blood plasms and interstitial fluid)
how much potassium is in or out of the cell
is high only in the intracellular fluid (cell cytosol)
where is sodium or potassium located in the cell
there is more sodium outside and there is more potassium inside
what is the body trying to do in endocytosis
moves particles into the cell; phagocytosis
what is the body trying to do in exocytosis
moves particle out of the cell; secretion
what is the basic job of gap junctions inside the cell
allows ions and small molecules to pass from one cell to the next
what is the basic job of desmosomes inside the cell
have plaques that are proteins that anchor the cytoskeleton and have linker glycoproteins from the plaques that join in the space between the cells to prevent separation
what is the basic job of tight junctions inside the cell
prevents molecules from passing through the intercellular space
useful in the small intestine by forcing digestions products to be absorbed by passing across cells than in between
how do epithelial cells get their nutrients and oxygen
because it is avascular the epithelial cells are nourished by blood vessels that run through the CT and nutrients filter up through the basement membrane
from blood vessels within the underlying CT layers
What plane divides into left and right
median/midsagittal plane
what plane divides into anterior and posterior
frontal/coronal plane
what plane divides into inferior and superior
Transverse plane
what type of tissue is with the urinary bladder
transitional stratified epithelium, stretches as the urinary structures fill or empty with urine
what is cilia and its function
hair-like structures that propel substances (like mucus) along the cell surface
what are tight junctions and its function
“watertight” impermeable junctions, prevent molecules from passing through the intercellular space
what are goblet cells and its function
are modified simple columnar epithelial cells, they store and secrete mucin protein which forms mucus
what are the types of cancer, invasive one, and how does it invade tissues
cancerous epithelial cells aren’t contained by the basement membrane boundary. they penetrate the boundary and invade underlying tissues resulting in spread of cancer (metastasis)
what are the common characteristics of all connective tissue
all CT consists of cells and extracellular matrix that ranges from liquid to solid
what are the characteristics of cartilage and bone
cartilage is formed by chondroblasts and supports and reinforces, located mainly in ribs, nose trachea. bone is formed by osteoblasts and supports and protects, located in bones.
what is adipose tissue
fat; main cells are adipocytes, gel-like matrix few protein fibers, located in hypodermis
what is loose areolar tissue
usually the CT proper that epithelial sheets are supported by
what is dense irregular tissue
irregularly arranged collagen fibers, some elastic fibers, fibroblasts is main cell type
what is dense regular tissue
mainly parallel collagen fibers with a few elastic fibers major cells is fibroblasts
what is cartilage
avascular, formed by chondroblasts with a matrix more firm than dense CT proper, imperceptible network of fine collagen fibers
what is bone tissue
is formed by osteoblasts and is a calcified matrix with numerous collagen fibers; highly vascularized
