Exam Review Flashcards
Who was Sir Sam Huges?
- Canada’s Minister of Militia and Defence till PM Borden dismissed him
- Religious bigot (expressing strong, unreasonable beliefs and disliking other people who have different beliefs or a different way of life) ← towards Catholics
- Hated French Canadians
What were Sir Sam Huges Successes?
- He coordinated recruitment of Canadian troops.
- Helped increase efficiency of pre-war militia
- Helped contraction of training facility in under 3 weeks to train troops in weeks to be ready to sail for Europe
What were Sir Sam Huges Failures?
- Called his men “boys”
- Couldn’t provide proper equipment and bought the cheapest stuff
- Boots leaked, bad vehicles, ect
- Unusable trench equipment
BIGGEST FAILURE: use of Ross Rifle
- Lighter and faster than Lee-Enflied
- Excellent target rifle
- Tended to jam during rapid fire
- Troops gave up on gun for another
Hughes fought for the gun to not be replaced
- He created a sub-militia council without approval and Borden created a Ministry of Overseas Forces, eliminating his role
He rebelled against PM and became insulting to later have PM resign him
What was the Munich Agreement?
Hitler’s expansion of Germany’s living space was not nearly complete. The rich industrialized Sudetenland area of Czechoslovakia was home to 3 million Germanspeaking Czechs. Hitler claimed that they were oppressed and the victims of violence. There is a belief that Hitler had attacks on the German Speaking Czechs carried out in order to prove his argument.
The brave Czechs were ready to fight Hitler, but France and Britain were not willing to help them. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and Premier Daladier of France met with Hitler in Munich and agreed to allow Germany to have the Sudetenland. They believed this would save the world from war. The Czechs were not consulted in the decision and were furious about being sold out by their allies, but were helpless to resist.
Chamberlain said that the Munich agreement meant “Peace in our Time” but some disagreed. Winston Churchill, who would soon be Prime Minister called the agreement “appeasement” or giving in to the demands of a political enemy. He argued Hitler should be stopped now, at all costs. Six Months later in March 1939, Germany occupied all of Czechoslovakia.
What caused the Star of WWI?
Many ethnic groups throughout A-H wanted to not be a part of their empire and were even trying to declare independence. Serbia wanted Serbians and Bosnia a part of Serbia and when Archduke came to Bosnia territory, he was assassinated by a Serbian who planned this attack. This angered A-H and asked Germany if they could declare war on Serbia and Germany agreed. Before they declared war, A-H sent a list of demands to Serbia in regards to his death and when they refused, A-H declared war. Soon after, Russia declared war on A-H and France as well who was allies with Russia. Germany declared war on everyone and sided with A-H. Britain didn’t join yet which gave an excellent advantage for the Schiefflen plan for Germany.
he plotters hoped that by killing Franz Ferdinand, they would provoke the Austro-Hungarian Empire to declare war on Serbia. That is when their supportive friend Russia, they hoped, would leap to the defense of Serbia, defeat the Habsburg armies, and help the Bosnian Serbs win their independence.
Why was the schiefflen plan considered?
- In the 1800s, Germany won the war and conquered some territory from France and they wanted it back
- But Germany did not want to fight Russia and France from separate sides so they created a plan to defeat France quickly and then fight Russia (France was ally with Russia)
- 1905: Alfred von Schlieffen ← German Army Chief of Staff was asked to plan a way to prevent a war on two fronts. His belief that defeating France quickly will force them to surrender before Russia gets the chance to get their armed forces ready.
Schlieffen first wanted to attack through Holland, Belgium and Luxembourg (Benelux countries) where 90% of german forces blow France and 10% defending russian border. - 1906: Von Molkte replaced Schlieffen and altered the plan. Instead of invading Holland for the attack, it will be only Belgium because their army isn’t powerful enough against Germany.
What assumptions were a part of the schielfflen plan?
- Believes Russia will plan to get ready in 6 weeks
- France would be ready in 6 weeks
- Belgium won’t resist their attacks
- Britain would remain neutral
What actually happened with the schiefflen plan?
- Germany invaded Luxembourg and Belgium and Britain joined the war to back up Belgium
- Russia got ready in 10 days and Germany didn’t take the chance of attacking France’s capital so they attacked the east of capital but French forces came
- Approaching Paris by the west, Germans had to go south too soon, making the French army at the french-german border reach them. They were attacked by French and British at channel ports. They dug trenches at the Marne River.
- The German and French troops have trenches stretching till the English channel
Schlieffen plan failed and made the Germans trapped at western front in trenches and fighting Russia in the east. - This proceeded in a long war in trenches
Who was R.B Bennett as a man?
- When depression began: PM King Liberal Party was in power
- An election was held in 1930 and unemployment was a major issue
- Bennett → Conservative leader promised to solve the problem so the conservatives won the election with a large majority
- He would be PM for next 5 years (worst of the depression)
- A “self made man” and a millionaire who had worked his way up from humble beginnings and believed that hard work was the answer to most problems
What did Bennett believe they had to do to make the great depression better?
- He said he would use tariffs to protect Canadian markets from foreign goods or force other countries to lower their tariffs to Canadian goods
- Believed that this would increase trade and help industry to create more jobs
What was Bennett’s attitude to relief programs?
- Bennett opposed spending federal money on relief programs for unemployed workers and their families
- He said that providing relief was a provincial and municipal responsibility
- Provincial government: thought that it was a federal and municipal responsibility
- Municipal governments: said they didn’t have the resources and that it was a provincial and federal responsibility
What did Bennett do to affect the economy bad?
- Instead of aid: Bennett had other ideas like raising the tariffs on imports to try and protect Canadian manufactures → but the U.S. and other countries would do the same in response
- Because of this, Canadian exporters of resources such as wheat, lumber and fish were unable to sell their products
What did Bennett do with his fear of the trekkers?
- He eventually did send 20 million in aid to the provinces for relief → though it didn’t solve the problem and there was a growing increase of single men without work
Government feared that these men would band together and revolt against the government - Many trekkers reached Regina, Saskatchewan and the federal government was determined to stop them there → - Bennett didn’t want any more unemployed workers to join the trekkers as they crossed the country so he agreed to meet the trek leaders in Ottawa if everyone else stayed in Regina
What was R.B Bennett’s New Deal?
- In the US, Roosevelt launched the New Deal (a series of radical social reforms aimed at providing relief and economic recovery, he wanted the gov to put everyone to work on infrastructure projects
- So bennet announced his own “new deal” where he promised sweeping new social programs including unemployment insurance and minimum wage
- Critics charged Bennett with making a “deathbed confession” in a desperate attempt to win re-election but it was too late as Canadians chose King as his liberal campaign slogan was “King or Chaos”.
Give a summary of Quebec Independence
Location, in dark blue, of Quebec within North America . Quebec sovereigntists believe that such a sovereign state, the Quebec nation, would be better equipped to promote its own economic, social, ecological, and cultural development. Quebec’s sovereignist movement is based on Quebec nationalism.
Give a timeline of quebec independence
–> Maurice kept strong ries on french culture
–> Maurice dies and Liberals wins
–> Lesage sparks Quiet Revolution
–> Lesage transforms Quebec society
–> Worlds Fair
–> Form of FLQ
–> October Crisis
–> Invoking of War Measure Act and led to many arrests
–> Bourassa change to emergency act
–> Passing of the official languages act
–> Bourassa passes Bill 22
–> Levesque forms Parti Quebecois
–> PQ wins election and forms gov
–> PQ passes Bill 101 (charter of french lang)
–> PQ puts tights restrictions
–> 1980 refrederum
–> 1995 refrederum
How was Quebec before the Quiet Revolution?
For Generations, political and religious leaders in Quebec had protected French culture by embracing French Canadian traditions. Quebecois society favoured rural life over urban, religion over the state, and isolationism over engagement with the wider world. Maurice Duplessis , the Premier of Quebec from 1944 until his death in 1959, kept a tight rein on these traditions. Economically, American and English Canadian interests owned and operated most Quebec industries and maintained English as the language of the work place.
What caused teh Quiet Revolution to spark?
- After his death, the party Duplessis had led, the Union Nationale, lost the election in 1960 to the Quebec Liberal Party.
- The Liberals campaign slogan was “Things have to Change” Under the leadership of Jean Lesage, the liberals promised to end the corruption and patronage that had characterized the Duplessis government.
- Their victory marked the start of a stunning transformation in Quebec society on all fronts, political, social, cultural and industrial.
- They called it La Revolution tranquille (The Quiet Revolution).
What changes did Lesage embark?
- A stronger French presence in the province’s economy.
- Privately owned electric power companies to form HydroQuebec. French was the language of businesses and Francophones were managers. This new corporation became a symbol of pride for the new Quebec.
- Took control of the provinces social services, restricting the role played by the Catholic Church.
- The province built new hospitals and introduced a provincial insurance plan.
T- ]he province also took control of the education system from the Catholic and Protestant churches and formed the ministry of Education. - Opted out of several Federal and Provincial cost sharing programs (29 in total) such as the Canadian Pension Plan in order to assert its provincial rights.
- All these changes while welcomed were costly and provincial taxes rose. In 1960, Quebec had the lowest tax rate in Canada, by 1966, it had the highest.
- Some believed the changes had gone to far, while others believed they had not gone far enough. They wanted complete independence for Quebec.
What happened at the Worlds Fair?
Montreal hosted the Worlds Fair in 1967, called Expo ‘67. World Leaders visited including France President Charles de Gaulle. Everywhere de Gaulle went huge crowds gathered to hear him speak. During one speech from the steps of Montreal City Hall he declared. “Vive Montreal, Vive le Quebec! Vive le Quebec libre!” (Long Live Montreal! Long Live Quebec! Long live a free Quebec). This was a battle cry for the Quebec separatists. The Canadian government saw this as France sticking its nose in Canada’s domestic affairs.
PM Pearson refused to meet with du Gaulle and he cancelled a planned trip to Ottawa and returned to France.
Explain the opposition of the official languages act.
recognized English and French as Canada’s two official languages, and guaranteed that Canadians could get federal government services. However, some English Canadians, especially in the West, felt it was an attempt to “ram French down our throats.” Partly as a result of these negative reactions to the Official Languages Act, and as a way to take initiative away from the Separatists, Premier Robert Bourassa passed Bill 22 in 1974. Bill 22 made French the only official language of Quebec, and restricted the use of English in business and in schools.
How was the PQ created?
Rene Levesque was a cabinet minister in the Lesage government and had reluctantly accepted the presence of troops in Quebec during the October Crisis. He became more and more unhappy, however, with the Quebec Liberals’ strong federal ties; it helped him in 1968 to create a party named “Parti Quebecois” with a separatist platform.
What changes did the PQ bring?
- PQ defeated the Liberals and formed a provincial government committed to allowing the people of Quebec to leave Canada if they so chose
- PQ passed another language law, the infamous Bill 101 or “Charter of the French Language”, which banned the use of any language except French on signs in Quebec, and put even tighter restrictions on English language education.
- no public sign could have lettering in any language except French unless the French words were twice as big as any others.
- Immigrants who came to Quebec had to attend French schools. Only those whose parents had been born in Quebec and educated in English could go to English schools.
- Bill 101 was widely regarded in the rest of Canada as being “antiEnglish”, but many francophones saw it as a vital tool in the fight to preserve the French language and culture on an English speaking continent.
Explain 1980 Refrendurm
The PQ’s sovereignty plan envisioned Quebec as an independent state that controlled its laws, policies, and taxes.
But its economy would remain linked to Canada so that people, money and goods could flow freely. To help the no side, PM Trudeau promised that if the referendum was defeated he would amend the Constitution to make it more favourable to Quebecois. The defeat was a blow to the hopes of Levesque, the Parti Quebecois and the sovereignists.
Explain 1995 refrendurm
After two failed attempts to bring Quebec into the Constitution with the Charlottetown and Meech Lake Accord’s, they was a new move to Quebec Independence. As the campaign started many in Quebec were tired of the question and had every day lives to worry about, but as the campaign wore on the Yes
side was gaining ground. On the weekend before the vote, federalist forces held a huge rally in Montreal. An extradordiany 93.5% of eligible voters cast their ballots. The vote was 50.5 percent for NO and 49.42 for yes
What was the Luftwaffe?
In 1940, the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) was the largest and most formidable air force in Europe. The Luftwaffe also had an enormous advantage of well-trained pilots with a well-defined tactical doctrine.
What events was teh Luftwaffe included in?
The Manstein Plan:
- Luftwaffe(German Air Force) bombed Dutch and Belgian airfields and the German Army captured Moerdijk and Rotterdam which motivated French 7th Army moved forward to help support the Dutch and Belgian forces.
Operation Sea Lion:
- The Luftwaffe (German Air Force) set out to destroy the Royal Air Force (RAF).
- They spread out over Britain to their bombing targets: radar stations, air fields and ports and factories
- When the Battle of Britain started, the Luftwaffe, with about 2500 planes, was vastly superior to the RAF, which had only 1200 Aircraft.
- But the British had several advantages. One was superior radar, which helped RAF fighter planes track and shoot down Luftwaffe bombers before they could reach their targets.
Blitz:
- On September 15, German planes almost blackened the skies, but the RAF was ready for them. When the day was over, the Luftwaffe was decidedly beaten. Hitler put on hold operation sea lion and his invasion of Britain.
What motivated the On to Ottawa Trek?
Men in these camps staged a walkout to demand better working conditions and higher wages → left the camps and hitched rides to Vancouver and jump on freight trains to take their case to PM Bennet in Ottawa
How did people support the On to Ottawa Trek?
When trekkers arrived in Golden, B.C. townspeople would wait with huge pots of stew
In Calgary, people donated food and supplies and Canadian Pacific Railway officials showed trekkers how to board the trains safely
What did the On to Ottawa Trek lead to?
Many trekkers reached Regina, Saskatchewan and the federal government was determined to stop them there → Bennett didn’t want any more unemployed workers to join the trekkers as they crossed the country so he agreed to meet the trek leaders in Ottawa if everyone else stayed in Regina. He agreed to pay for their food while they waited for their leaders to return
Ottawa Meeting:
- It failed to resolve anything
- Bennett insisted that there was nothing wrong with the relief camps and that trek leaders were nothing but communist agitators
- Bennett was determined that the trek and what he saw as a potential revolution would end in Regina
- At public meetings in Regina’s market square, regina police and RCMP tried to arrest the leaders
- As they attacked, the crowd panicked and some people overturned streetcars, broke store windows and fought back against the police
- When it ended, one officer was dead and hundreds of police and civilians were injured
- After this, trekkers once again boarded trains but to return to their homes
They gained nothing
What was Hitler’s plan with the Battle of Britain?
The British navy and air force controlled the 50 km of water - The English Channel - separating Britain from Europe.
Hitler’s plan for the Invasion of Britain was called “Operation Sea Lion”. Germany however, needed to control the skies over the Channel before its invasion fleet could sail. He knew that the British Air Force would destroy his invasion fleet as it crossed the channel. The Luftwaffe (German Air Force) set out to destroy the Royal Air Force (RAF). On 10 July 1940, wave after wave of German Messerschmitts and Heinkels streamed across the channel.
They spread out over Britain to their bombing targets: radar stations, air fields and ports and factories
How was the RAF losing in the Battle of Britain?
- When the Battle of Britain started, the Luftwaffe, with about 2500 planes, was vastly superior to the RAF, which had only 1200 Aircraft.
- The RAF was also short of trained pilots and experienced air and ground crews.
But the British had several advantages. One was superior radar, which helped RAF fighter planes track and shoot down Luftwaffe bombers before they could reach their targets. - Another advantage was that Canada and other Allied countries were sending pilots, radar personnel, replacement aircraft, and other supplies as quickly as possible.
- More than 100 Canadian pilots flew in fighter operations during the Battle of Britain, and 200 more flew bombing raids. Even more served as ground crew.
- By late August the Germans had lost more than 600 aircraft and the RAF only 260, but the RAF was rapidly losing badly needed fighters and experienced pilots and its effectiveness was further hampered by the bombing damage done to its radar stations.
What caused the blitz?
Britain was losing the battle until Hitler made a strategic mistake. In August, the British decided to go on the offensive and made a surprise bombing raid on Berlin.
The commander of the German air force, Herman Goering, was furious because he had promised Germans that no Allied plane would ever bomb a German city.
How did the spitfire help?
Though they were outnumbered by the Germans, the British Spitfire was arguably the best interceptor fighter in the world and proved deadly against the German bombers. German fighter cover was only partially available since the German fighter aircraft were operating at the limit of their flying range over England.
Who was Tommy Douglas?
Thomas “Tommy” Clement Douglas, CC, premier of Saskatchewan, first leader of the New Democratic Party, Baptist minister and politician (born 20 October 1904 in Falkirk, Scotland; died 24 February 1986 in Ottawa, Ontario). Tommy Douglas led the first socialist government elected in Canada and is recognized as the father of universal health care in Canada. He also helped establish democratic socialism in mainstream Canadian politics.
How did Tommy’s party influence Canada?
The CCF supported programs that benefited workers, protected families and increased government involvement in the economy. Although they never formed a gov’t, the popularity of the CCF influenced the Liberals (and later the Conservatives) to support programs that strengthened Canada’s social safety net
What did Tommy work hard to provide?
- Provided free medical, hospital and dental care for senior citizens; – also funded treatment for those suffering from cancer and other diseases –
- He still managed to reduce the provincial debt by 20 million despite those who doubted he could given the money he spent on health care
- Douglas introduced universal hospital insurance For $5 per resident, they had all hospital bills covered
- Douglas Introduced the Universal Health Care system to Saskatchewan
Universal Health Care foes Nation Wide - Tommy Douglas becomes leader of NDP and intended to bring UHC to all Cdns
- PM Diefenbaker(PC) sets up a Royal Commission which declares adequate health care “was a right of citizenship”
- Diefenbaker loses to Lester B Pearson(L) in federal election, but Pearson forms a minority government and needed the NDP to stay in power
- Pearson agrees to support UHC
- Medical Care Act created a nonprofit universal Health Care System for all Canadians
Who was Frederick Banting?
Frederick Banting → research diabetes and believed it could be treated with injections of insulin taken from the pancreas of cattle fetuses which lowered blood sugar of dogs whose pancreas had been removed to make them diabetic
What was Just Society?
In 1968, equality was an elusive dream for many people in Canada. Trudeau envisioned a Canada that was a “Just Society” where all Canadians would have equal opportunities.
What events occured under the idea of a Just Society?
Women’s Rights
- Under Prime Minister Pearson, a Royal Commission analyzed the status of women and Canada and came up with 167 recommendations to improve women’s rights
- In 1973, he established the Advisory Council on the Status of Women to monitor the progress in implementing the report’s recommendations.
Death Penalty
- The death penalty was abolished when Trudeau’s government brought Bill C84 in 1976. The Bill passed by 131 to 124 in a free vote.
The White Paper
- In 1969, Jean Chretien was minister of Indian Affairs and he produced the White Paper a government document to suggested the dissolving of the Indian Act and the department of Indian Affairs.
- In maintained that in a Just Society Aboriginals needed to be treated the same as everyone else. Special treatment under the Indian Act was a form of legal discrimination.
Multiculturalism
- Trudeau envisioned a country in which many different cultures, would not only live peacefully together but also maintain their cultural identities.
- In 1971 he formally recognized the diverse nature of Canadian society as an official government policy the first country to do so.
Bringing the Constitution Home
- Trudeau’s vision of Canada was a strong federal state.
- In October 1980, Trudeau announced he would proceed unilaterally on the issue.
The issue went to the Supreme Court and it decided that it was legal for the Federal government to act unilaterally but they had a moral obligation to gain support of the provinces.
The Charter of Rights and Freedoms
- Diefenbaker had already passed a Bill of Rights in 1961, but it only applied to federal areas of jurisdiction.
- Many premiers opposed Trudeau’s plan, arguing that it infringed on their powers.
- Trudeau argued in the era of big government a entrenched charter was needed to ensure protection of citizens from all levels of government.
How did credit favour people before the great depression?
The expansion of credit in the 1920s allowed for the sale of more consumer goods and put automobiles within reach of average Americans. Now individuals who could not afford to purchase a car at full price could pay for that car over time – with interest, of course! Installment credit was used for car purchases and large household goods, such as refrigerators and radios. Everything else was paid for using revolving credit. During the boom, Canadians could afford more and when they had money left, mass advertising campaigns encouraged people to spend on stuff other than necessities.
How did creidt influence the great depression?
- Too much credit buying → with new inventions, people bought new products with credit making them in deep debt
- Too much credit buying of stocks → Canadians invested in the market to make it rich quickly. They borrowed money to buy stocks and bought stocks on margin. So when stock prices fell, Canadians had to sell all their stocks or lose all their money and have no money to repay their loans
What are speakeasies?
People made their alcohol (moonshine) which could be poisonous. It was served secretly at speakeasies, essentially bars
All law enforcement officers were men and didn’t like the ban. So the government allowed alcohol to be in place with controlled liquor sales because of the money they lost. The idea behind the name speakeasy was used to give entry into top secret bars and clubs when it was illegal. Throughout the prohibition, alcoholic beverages were illegally sold and consumed in secret
How were u-boats used in WWI?
- Germans excelled at submarine warfare
Submarine = U-boats ← sank allied ships - Ex. Britain was reduced to six weeks of food and their export ships were sunk ← great for starving a country
- CANADA’s ROLE: shipping Canadian troops, food and weapons to Europe ← Germans wanted to stop this
- To defend against U-boats, ships have to travel in armored convoys (DEFINITION: a group of vehicles or ships that travel together, especially for protection)
- Mine-laying, heavier depth charges and zig zagging defeat U-boats ← more than half German U-boats were sunk or captured
- LUISTANIA: U-boat torpedoed this ship that carried supplies and passengers from America ← these accidents helped shift American public opinion in favor of joining Allies, making US join war in April 1917, the “Sussex pledge” is where Germans agreed to not attack passenger ships
How were u-boats used in WWII?
The Battle of the Atlantic was the struggle between the Allied and German forces for control of the Atlantic Ocean. The Allies needed to keep the vital flow of men and supplies going between North America and Europe, where they could be used in the fighting, while the Germans wanted to cut these supply lines. The flow of war materials into Great Britain via the Atlantic was the lifeline of the Allied war effort against Germany, and Germany nearly severed it. Though the Battle of the Atlantic was not witness to spectacular fleet engagements like those fought in the Pacific, it was nonetheless of supreme strategic importance.
German UBoats patrolled the Atlantic against the British blockade of Europe and in an effort to stop supplies from America from ever reaching Britain. U Boats operated in groups of 10 called “wolf packs.” The German navy carried out submarine warfare to cut off Britain’s imports and military supplies.
In the beginning, the Uboats had the upper hand. In July 1942, for example, Uboats sank 143 Allied cargo ships.
In mid 1943, the tide began to turn in favour of the Allies. Crews were better trained and more experienced, and submarine tracking tactics and technology improved. The navy and air force had also grown and were able to protect more convoys more effectively.
What was the AVRO Arrow and why was it cancelled?
In 1953, the Canadian government agreed to pay for the development of a new aircraft for the Royal Canadian Air Force.
The requirements were tough, only the best technology in the world would be used.
Canadian company A.V. Roe Canada, would design and build a new, allweather, supersonic jet interceptor, the Arrow, or CF105
The Jet was a remarkable achievement, but various reasons would lead to its demise. The cost of the project continued to climb and few countries were interested in buying it for their air forces.
Also, its future effectiveness was called into question. Once the Soviets launched Sputnik I, the first artificial satellite into orbit, many western scientists believed that the same technology would be used to lead unmanned ballistic missiles, which the Arrow was not designed to stop.
As costs began spiraling out of control, on February 20, 1959, Conservative Prime Minister John Diefenbaker cancelled the program and ordered all prototypes, tech drawings, models and photographs to be destroyed.
More than 15 000 A.V.Roe employees would lose their jobs and the company was ruined.
Diefenbaker decided to replace the Arrow with American Bomarc antiaircraft missiles.
These missiles were only effective when they carried nuclear warheads. But Diefenbaker refused to store any warheads on Canadian soil.
Therefore the missiles were useless and this program was also cancelled within 2 years.
The Canadian Air Force, did however need planes and Diefenbaker eventually settled for used Voodoo figher jets bought from the U.S.
What was the battle at dieppe?
By the fall of 1941, the Soviet Union was bearing almost the full weight of the German attack.
Stalin urged his western allies to open a second front. If they attacked German held France, the Soviets might get some relief.
The British knew they weren’t ready but everyone was upset about the fall of Hong Kong.
The American’s wanted action and Canadian soldiers were restless.
They had been sitting around waiting in Britain for three years.
A large raid would satisfy the Soviets, Americans and Canadians, it would also test German coastal defenses.
On the morning of August 19, 1942, nearly 5000 Canadian soldiers, 1000 British and some American and French soldiers crouched in landing crafts off the heavily fortified French port of Dieppe.
They intended to seize the town, destroy the port facilities and airport, take prisoners and return to England. The key to victory was surprise.
The Germans were ready and waiting.
They spotted the enemy ships during the night. Some allied ships had gone off course and arrived late. The raid did not start till daylight, the element of surprise was lost.
The Canadians found themselves on a boulder beach in front of a town that was fortified with cannons, barbed wire, tanks, traps and mines.
Many landing craft were blown right out of the water. One regiment had 96 percent casualties. Only a few soldiers ever reached the town.
When the smoke cleared, 900 men were dead. Nearly 2000 were taken prisoner.
The British examined the causes of the failure.
1) It was foolish to attack a fortified beach in broad daylight
2) The enemy should have been weakened by aerial and naval bombardment before landing.
The Dieppe raid taught the Allies that much stronger military forces were required to break through the German coastal defences. As well, a much higher proportion of military forces should be held in reserve until the progress of the initial assault was known. The DDay invasion date was now moved from 1943 to 1944.
Explain the radio evolution
First radios: had a small piece of quartz crystal where a thin wire went over the crystal to locate stations.
Edward Rogers revolutionized the radio industry by inventing the world’s first AC radio tube. → allowed radios to be powered by household electricity rather than batteries which were expensive
Some Candains radio station existed but most were produced from U.S. transmitters
PM King wanted Canadian content to be protected so it was recommended that there was a coast to coast radio system → The Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (CBC today)
Made world seem smaller
Inexpensive
Ended isolation and brought families together to listen to latest news, sports, music or drama, or soap operas, crime stories, mysteries, comedies where they actually acted on microphone to tell stories
Explain the new radio form Edward Rogers
Back in the day, to listen to the radio you had to wear heavy headsets attached to a crystal set that was expensive
He solved the problem of the hum by electromagnetically and electrically shielding the input and output circuits of the tube from the heater.
He produced the first battery-less station in the world, Canada’s First Rogers Batteryless Broadcasting Station.
Could plug into wall which was more convenient as they could listen to the radio 24/7 or as much as they want
Who were the FLQ and what was their goal?
During the Quiet Revolution, some Quebecois began to embrace the idea of Quebec separating from Canada, but most wanted to work within the political system to achieve this goal.
Others however were impatient and wanted quicker results.
The Front de Liberation du Quebec (FLQ) viewed francophone Quebecois as victims of the powerful anglophone elite that controlled business and industry in the province.
The FLQ’s goal was complete independence for Quebec.
In its place, they wanted to create a Frenchspeaking workers society. They would resort to violence to achieve their goals.
What actions did the FLQ commit?
They used bombings, robberies and kidnappings to try and disrupt society so much that people would rebel and overthrow the government.
Between 1963 and 1970, members of the FLQ planned and carried out more than 200 violent acts, in which 5 people died and others were injured.
In 1969, the FLQ stepped up its campaign detonating a bomb in the Montreal Stock Exchange and another in the home of Montreal mayor Jean Drapeau.
The October Crisis
On October 5, 1970, the FLQ kidnapped James Cross, the British trade commissioner in Montreal.
They then issued a media release outlining their demands: release of “political prisoners” FLQ members who had been arrested, payment of $500 000, publication of the FLQ manifesto, an airplane to fly FLQ members to Cuba or Algeria.
A joint federalprovincial team was established to deal with the crisis and refused to give in to the demands, although the media published and broadcast the manifesto.
Then on October 10, another cell of the FLQ kidnapped Pierre Laporte, Quebec’s minister of labour and a key member of the government team.
Quebec Premier Robert Bourassa asked the Federal government to send troops to Montreal to protect government officials.
He also announced that he would release some prisoners and promised the kid nappers passage out of Canada if the hostages were released.
What was appeasement?
Instituted in the hope of avoiding war, appeasement was the name given to Britain’s policy in the 1930s of allowing Hitler to expand German territory unchecked. Most closely associated with British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, it is now widely discredited as a policy of weakness.
Appeasement means giving people what they want to prevent them from harming you or being angry with you.
