1920s Unit 2 Test Flashcards

1
Q

What is Prohibition?

A

Definition: the banning of alcohol

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2
Q

Who wanted to ban alcohol and why?

A
  • Women were behind the movement to ban alcohol
  • Alcohol was blamed for many social problems like crime, family violence, and poverty
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3
Q

What type of societies were created for prohibition?

A
  • The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union campaign was created for a total prohibition of alcohol
  • The creation of temperance societies believed if people stopped spending money on alcohol, then families would be able to improve their lives.
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4
Q

Why did the ban of alcohol not work?

A
  • Made criminals rich because they sold alcohol (bootlegging) to angry Canadians while the government lost income generated from alcohol taxes
  • Smuggling occurred
  • Made dry provinces wet provinces
  • People made their alcohol (moonshine) which could be poisonous
  • It was served secretly at speakeasies, essentially bars
  • All law enforcement officers were men and didn’t like the ban
  • So the government allowed alcohol to be in place with controlled liquor sales because of the money they lost
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5
Q

What is bootlegging?

A
  • the illegal manufacture, distribution, or sale of goods, especially alcohol or recordings.
  • Rum Runners
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6
Q

How did U.S. prohibition benefit Canada and who were they called?

A
  • Introduced prohibition but lasted longer than Canada
  • Allowed opportunities for Canadian businesses to smuggle their products into the U.S.
  • “Rum Runners” transported liquor to the U.S. through lakes, etc.
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7
Q

How did the Winnipeg General Strike happen and what happened to Canada’s economy after WWI?

A
  • After WWI, booming economy in Canada ended
  • Factories close and companies get into a slump, cutting production as weapons aren’t needed anymore to be produced
  • People lost their jobs and employers couldn’t provide returning soldiers with jobs → unemployment increased and it became a time of tough economic struggle
  • Unions were formed with people from the same trade
  • A few people represented a larger group and bargained with employers → process called collective bargaining
  • Purpose of unions: companies were not willing to discuss wage and working conditions
  • So union members would vote to strike or stop working to put pressure on employers with other unions
  • Strikes disrupt many businesses
  • Metal workers went on strike in Winnipeg → wanted higher wages and fewer hours
  • The Metal Trades Council wanted to be recognized as a union that could bargain for its workers
  • When employers denied it, the workers asked the Winnipeg Trades Labour Council for help → they believed that if every worker went on strike, employers would be forced to give in
  • The strike began May 16, 1919, when people left their jobs, part of or not part of the union, and 30,000 workers were on strike for many days
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8
Q

Who were blamed after WWI with job?

A
  • Immigrants who came before the war which took away jobs from Canadians
  • Soldiers blamed business owners who made money during the war
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9
Q

Fears of Strikes

A

Canadian leaders deposed large unions because they believed it was based on communism and feared power because collective bargaining may be dangerous. There was a lurking fear of what would happen when unions got out of control → didn’t want worker’s revolution to occur like in Russia here in Canada

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10
Q

What is the One Big Union and its purpose? Who did they strike against and what were created?

A
  • Union leaders created this branch
  • Purpose: an alliance would increase bargaining power with gov and employers
  • One group would support one another if one decided to strike
  • Pamphlets were produced where they outlined a need for restructuring the society as it was on an unfair class system
  • It showed how workers suffered “hunger and want” while employers had all the good things in life
  • They united to fight those who denied equality and fairness
  • OBU supported General strikes → not directed to a single employer but against the government and groups of employers
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11
Q

What happened during and how did it end the Winnipeg Strike?

A
  • The strikers were led by a strike committee
  • Citizens Committee of One Thousand was created to ensure city services were maintained during strikes
  • Employers refused to back down and workers enthusiasm decreased as they couldn’t stay out longer
  • Public opinions turned against the unions as the strike committee seemed to be running the city
  • Soon people returned to work
  • Gov decided to arrest strike leaders and charge them with conspiracy
  • This erupted protests all over Canada
  • A march was planned but the Winnipeg mayor forbade it
  • Ex-soldiers protested leading thousands where Mounties fired pistols and killed two people
  • Bloody Saturday → gov sent troops to patrol pretests with machine guns, so Union Leaders called the strike off

GENERAL SUMMARY: Winnipeg workers walked off the job to protest low wages, long working hours and other poor working conditions, as well as their employers’ unwillingness to negotiate. In response, they were met with clubs and bullets from the police. Many strikers lost their jobs

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12
Q

The aftermath of the Winnipeg Strike (how did it impact the future of labour)

A
  • Although it failed, it was a turning point in labor relations
  • Sparked political consciousness of issues
    1920: strike leaders were elected to Manitoba legislature and workers had political representation in Ottawa
  • Canadian trade union movement gained support although Manitoba’s labor movement would be divided for years
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13
Q

Legacy of Winnipeg Strike

A

Although the strike was ultimately unsuccessful, it sparked more worker activism and the creation of unions across the country, and united workers with common goals.

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14
Q

Music of the 1920s

A
  • Known as the Jazz age
  • New wave of music by Louis Armstrong
  • Edward Kennedy → greatest composers of the 20th century
  • Musical genres such as blues and swing would become to be popular
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15
Q

Dance in the 1920s

A
  • Jazz age introduced energetic dances that some considered inappropriate
  • Charleston, Black bottom and Fox Trot were famous dances
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16
Q

Movies in the 1920s

A
  • Silent movies weren’t silent but rather have sound effects, musical instruments playing and subtleties
  • Talkies arrived in 1927 which eliminated theater jobs for musicians
  • Comedy most popular type of movie in the silent film era, it was stupid actions that made it funny
  • Laurel and Hardy and Charlie Chaplin most famous comedians
  • Newsreel: collection of short news clips became a part of movie theater programs along with short cartoons, sports and travelogs.
  • Warner Brothers studies released the first motion picture with sound, The Jazz Singer, in 1923
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17
Q

Who was Mary Pickford?

A
  • Known as “America’s Sweetheart
  • One of the top stars of Canada’s beginning in movies and the development of the American industry.
  • Joined with other stars to establish United Artists, a film studio.
  • This studio played an important role in the development of the movie industry.
  • She was the first woman reported to earn more than 1 million dollars a year by acting as co-running a movie studio.
  • This sparked the idea that women are talented and capable of doing incredible things.
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18
Q

Cartoons in the 1920s

A
  • Mickey Mouse was popular after the release of SteamBoat Wille
  • Had sounds but no voices
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19
Q

Sports in 1920s

A
  • The media helped the 1920’s the golden age of sports in canada
  • Newspapers promoted sporting events
  • Radio and films made massive appeal to sports
  • Cinemas showing films on boxing matches or highlights of sporting events
  • Baseball was most popular sport in Canada
  • Every community had an amateur baseball team
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20
Q

Who was Lionel Conacher?

A
  • Lionel Conacher (The Big Train)
  • Famous for his power, stamina and speed
  • Won Lacrosse Association
  • Played football, lacrosse and hockey very well
    NHL first all-star
  • Entered politics and was Liberal MPP for Toronto
  • Was Ontario athletic commissioner to provide recreational facility sin city parks
  • Elected federal MP for Toronto Trinity
  • Greatest all-round athlete of Canada
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21
Q

What did the radio do to the world?

A
  • Made world seem smaller
  • Inexpensive
  • Ended isolation and brought families together to listen to latest news, sports, music or drama, or soap operas, crime stories, mysteries, comedies where they actually acted on microphone to tell stories
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22
Q

What were the first radios like?

A

Had a small piece of quartz crystal where a thin wire went over the crystal to locate stations.

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23
Q

What was the revolutionized radio?

A

Edward Rogers revolutionized the radio industry by inventing the world’s first AC radio tube. → allowed radios to be powered by household electricity rather than batteries which were expensive

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24
Q

Why was the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission created?

A
  • Some Candains radio station existed but most were produced from U.S. transmitters
  • PM King wanted Canadian content to be protected so it was recommended that there was a coast to coast radio system → The Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (CBC today)
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25
Q

Fashion in 1920s

A
  • Women wore dresses or skirts higher than normal to rebel against the societal norms
    Every women wore some sort of decorative piece on their heads
  • The Flapper Dress:This iconic look was popularized by the rebels of the time, who were eager to break with convention and have some fun. The signature style features a loose, knee-length hemline with fringe details and beading. The flapper dress was one of the most iconic looks of the Great Gatsby era.
  • Trends: more casual and relaxed.
  • Women often wore knee length tubular day dresses
  • Men often wore knickerbockers with sweater vests.
  • The flapper style for women and the zoot suits for men were also popular in the 1920s.
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26
Q

Why was Canada’s economy growing in the 1920s?

A
  • Canadian pulp and paper industry expanded
  • Demand is huge in the American market to deliver newspapers to the U.S.
  • Exported more pulp than the rest of the world combined
  • Europe was recovering and demanding products from Canada → creating more job
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27
Q

How did the Canadians change their lifestyle?

A

More moved from rural to urban areas

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28
Q

Why did mass advertising campaigns encourage people to spend money on stuff?

A
  • During the economic boom, Canadians could afford more and when they had money left, mass advertising campaigns encouraged people to spend on stuff other than necessities
  • Eatons → major department store that created catalogs and mailed them across the country
  • Catalogs became large publications that persuaded people to buy products
  • Women were the intended audience so catalogs had stylish stuff on there
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29
Q

Overall, how were the new inventions like?

A

Automatic products and electrical things

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30
Q

Explain the expansion of automobiles

A
  • Top consumer item, buying it was made easier with mass production plants intro
  • More plants in Canada than in the U.S.
  • Could buy a Chevrolet or Pontiac
  • Large percentage owned cars, increased by 300% over 10 years
  • Only the rich could travel but in the 1920s everyone could
  • With assembly lines, products could be made more quickly and for less money
  • Changed manufacturing process and cars could be made more cheaply
  • Prices dropped = more people can afford
  • More cars meant gov had to invest in infrastructure
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31
Q

What were the major demands of resources in Canada?

A
  • More use of electrical power made Canadian industries move from coal to power factories → made the development of large hydroelectric power stations
  • Canadian resource industries like forestry and mining expanded to keep up with demand
  • Became major wheat exporter
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32
Q

Explain the trades between U.S. and Canada

A
  • Canada was with Britain but now with U.S. as American economy grew
  • Canadains wanted free trade agreement with U.S. but gov didn;t want that
  • Upset farmers formed Progressive Party to reduce tariffs and won seats in the election but were unable to build momentum and faded away
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33
Q

Why were Branch Plants placed in Canada?

A

U.S. increased investments in Canadian industries → Branch Plants that were set in Canada but a completely U.S. company, this allowed them to save money by lessening transportation costs and avoiding tariffs

34
Q

What did Canadians believe about the U.S. with having companies in Canada?

A

Candians were divided on the issues were some believed foreign investment created jobs and wealth where others argued U.S. factores put Canadian companies out of business and earn more profits

35
Q

Explain progress of air transportation in 1920s(what had to be built and what are bush pilots)

A
  • Advanced quickly during and after WWI
  • Believed that it could be used for civilian uses
  • Commercial airline industry which carried passengers and mail over long distances evolved
  • Airports and runways were built
  • Fuel supply were set up and regular flights began, slowly expanded
  • Bush pilots: 1920-1930 were WWI veterans that flew small aircraft to isolated areas
36
Q

Explain progress of roads in 1920s

A
  • Highways were passed under the Canada Highways Act
  • These better roads made Canadians more mobile so people bought cars meaning more roads
  • By end of 1920, almost 2 million Canadains were on the roads
  • Increase in car ownership supported expansion of cities and development of suburbs → continued during the years
37
Q

Explain the telephone

A
  • Alexander graham Bell made the first telephone call were established in Canada
  • First trans-Canada call made from Montreal to Vancouver
  • Telephones came in two pieces, earpiece and speaking piece
  • They called an operator, a woman, to connect them to the person they want to call
  • Phones were expensive → only for wealthy people
  • But over time, it became more cheaper
  • Dial phone introduced in 1924
  • One-piece handset in 1927
  • Coast to coast service overall Canadiens lines in 1932
38
Q

Explain the creation of insulin

A
  • In 1920, people knew little of diabetes
  • Diabetes: condition where the pancreas does not produce enough insulin which is needed to process sugar needed to create energy
    Affected children and killed them
  • Frederick Banting → research diabetes and believed it could be treated with injections of insulin taken from the pancreas of cattle fetuses which lowered blood sugar of dogs whose pancreas had been removed to make them diabetic
39
Q

Who was the first human to be injected with insulin?

A

The first human to be injected with insulin was Leanard Thompson, a kid with diabetes, which was successful

40
Q

Lasting successes with insulin

A
  • One of the greatest achievements of modern medicine → did not cure diabetes but controlled the condition, it saved millions of lives
  • Banting and Macleod given Nobel Prize for medicine
  • Sold their idea to UofT for $1 in order for everyone to know about it and use it
41
Q

Explain the prevention against tuberculosis

A
  • Deadly diseases that attacks the lungs
  • 1920: no cure and leading causes of death
  • National Research Council wanted to create a vaccine to prevent it
  • First Nation reserves were battling with it so they sated vaccination programs there which helped it
  • Soon became a preventable disease
42
Q

What did Wallace Turnball invent?

A
  • Variable-Pitch Propeller, 1922
  • He built his own wind tunnel, 1902→ first in Canada
  • He used an electric motor that was attached to the ceiling of the barn to inspect how the propellers work
  • He studied the aerodynamics of propellers and created a railway track to study it
  • He tested his invention for the Royal Air Force and also it was interested in the armed services and government
  • Thousands are planes using his propeller were created for WW1
  • Allowed planes to fly in different gears and carry larger loads
  • More efficient engine
43
Q

What did Joseph-Armand Bombardier invent and what other invention benefitted this invention?

A
  • Snow Machine 1922
  • His invention changed the winter lives of people who had to live in cold climates
  • It transformed impassable ways into smooth roadways in which snowmobiles could pass through safely and easily
  • His first snowmachine had the worry not about if it worked but that no one would be chewed to bits as no protection was provided
  • He was a mechanic who studied electrical engineering and mechanics
  • His inspiration for developing his first snow car was out of personal tragedy where he lost his two-year-old son because his machines couldn’t drive that love journey of 50 km
  • This inspired him to improve his design
  • He designed rubber and cotton tracks
  • One of his great inventions that improved his design was the tooth-wheel sprocket covered in rubber instead of tries
  • Originally prototype had skis and propeller
44
Q

What did William Samuel Stephenson invent?

A
  • Wire Photo, 1922
  • He became known for his espionage work during WWII after his death
  • Because he was fascinated with engines and airplanes, he built his own telegram machine and could communicate with ships hundreds of km away
  • He increased his efforts to find a way to transmit photos over the air
  • As he worked with many companies in England, they modified the 1884 Nipkow machine and produced an instrument that could convert light into electrical currents
  • Because of this, The London Daily was given the honor of publishing the first wire photo
  • This invention changed the appearance of journalism
  • Picture sent by telegram would print upon receiving
45
Q

What did Edward Samuel Rogers invent and what station was created, how did his invention solve problems and what were some of his other succsses?

A
  • Battery-less Radio/AC Tube, 1925
  • He was one of the first Canadians to pick up the declaration of war in Europe on the radio that he built
  • He made Canadian broadcasting history when he became the first amateur to transmit a signal across the Atlantic to Ardrossan, Scotland
  • Back in the day, to listen to the radio you had to wear heavy headsets attached to a crystal set that was expensive
  • His goal was to find a way to tap into household electrical current
  • Others believed the “hum Alternating current would drown the broadcast, but after research, he developed the 15S alternating current simple rectifier tube.
  • This AC tube allowed radios to run off 110-volt house electricity sockets instead of large batteries that needed constant recharging that was expensive
  • He solved the problem of the hum by electromagnetically and electrically shielding the input and output circuits of the tube from the heater.
  • He produced the first battery-less station in the world, Canada’s First Rogers Batteryless Broadcasting Station.
  • A/C radio
  • Could plug into wall which was more convenient as they could listen to the radio 24/7 or as much as they want
46
Q

What did women want to do in society?

A
  • Wanted to reform society to fight for rights like voting, job opportunities and improve labor laws and health care
  • Before WWI, jobs to women were low-paying and little advancement
47
Q

Why were women expected to end their careers?

A

Women were expected to end their career once they got married because the husbands would instead make the money

48
Q

What majors were closed to women and who was the first female engineer?

A
  • Medicine, law and engineering were closed to women
  • By 1919, only 11 ontario women managed to become lawyers
  • First female engineer was Elsie MacGill who couldn’t graduate for a long time
49
Q

What was the National Council of Women of Canada?

A

earliest Canadian women’s organization that was founded to focus on improving public health and lives of female factory workers, immigrants and prisoners.

50
Q

What was the suffrage campaign, what did it show to the world and how did it impact government decision?

A
  • Women campaigned for suffrage, essentially the right to vote, which had a major significance on women’s ability to enter medical schools, earn degrees, or vote.
  • Their battle for the right to vote showed the world their desire to be involved and this led to allowing some women like widows and women who owned property to vote in municipal elections. Ontario was the first province to do this
  • This led to being allowed to vote more in provincial elections.
  • Their battle for suffrage convinced Borden to extend the suffrage and allow women to run for Parliament.
51
Q

Who was Agnes Macphail and her struggles?

A
  • Agnes Macphail ← first woman member of parliament to be elected at 1921
  • Encountered resistance
  • Remained only woman till 1935 when martha Black was elected
  • Her presence in the House of Commons (like a kindergarten class with no teacher) came with struggles but showed that social change would happen, making the second woman member of parliament happen.
52
Q

Why was the suffrage movement important?

A

The women’s suffrage movement made the question of women’s voting rights an important political issue in the 19th century.

53
Q

What was the persons case?

A
  • Emily Murphy became Judge of the Juvenile court
  • Became first female judge in the British Empire
  • Males refused her judgments but Alberta courts ruled that she was qualified
  • Women wanted her to be a candidate for Senate but PM Borden refused as he said Murphy wasn’t a qualified person
  • British North America Act of 1867 (Canada’s Constitution at the time) said that only qualified persons can be senators but it didn’t specify what person included
  • Courts relied on old British definition “women are persons in matters of pains and penalties, but are not persons in matters of rights and privileges”
  • So Borden refused to let a female be in the Senate
  • Emily worked with so many groups of people like poor, indigenous, women
  • She teamed up with Nellie McClung, Lousie McKinney, Irene Parlby and Henrietta Muir Edwards → Famous Five or Alberta Five

Alberta Five
- Fought law in court by first going to Supreme court that ruled women were not persons because of the current social conditions then
- Then they went to the final court of the British Empire, Judicial Privy Council in England where they said women were persons.
- They said that the exclusion of women from all public offices is a relic of days more barbarous than ours. And to those who would ask why the word persons should include females, the obvious answer is, why should it not?
- PM King at the time, chose Cairine Wilson to Senate first before Murphy as he wanted to avoid her as she had ties to the Conservative party

54
Q

What is autonomy?

A

the ability to make your own decisions about what to do rather than being influenced by someone else or told what to do.

55
Q

What was the Chanak Affair?

A
  • After WW1, French and British occupied Turkey → fought with central powers
  • Treaties were signed and British forces withdrew to a few key sites, one of these was near town Chanak
  • Greece, Britain’s ally, had territorial disputes with Turkey
  • Turkey attacked and defeated Greek forces and Turkey advanced toward British forces near Chanak
  • British were outnumbered and David Lloyd George asked colonies of British Empire to help → like Canada
  • William Lyon Mackenzie King became PM of Canada and refused to send Canadian forces
  • He wanted parliament to decide, which was no sitting at the time
  • A peace agreement was signed
  • The Chanak affair signaled that Canada wants to make its own decision about becoming involved in conflicts
  • OVERALL: The 1922 Chanak Affair was Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King’s first major foreign policy test. Turkish forces were threatening British troops stationed in Turkey after the First World War. King declined to automatically provide Canada’s military support to Britain. It was another step on the path to Canada’s independence in world affairs.
56
Q

What was the Halibut Treaty?

A
  • Before 1923: Canada could negotiate treated with other countries → but always co-signed by British officials → they controlled Canadian foreign policy
  • After WWI: halibut stocks on the Pacific NorthWest were in danger of being overfished
  • Canada and U.S. came to agreement to manage fishing
  • Britain expected to co-sign the treaty as normal but agreement did not concern Britain so Canada signed on its own
  • Eventually, British government gave in to King’s (PM Canada) demands
  • The Halibut Treaty established Canada’s right to take independent diplomatic action without Britain
57
Q

What was the King-Byng Affair?

A
  • 1926: PM Canada King Liberals had a minority government and relied on support from Progressive Party
  • Support from Progressives decreased because of illegal involvement in liquor smuggling which may have reached high ranking members of the government
  • King avoided debate and asked the Governor General to dissolve parliament and hold elections
  • Byng → appointed by the British government refused King’s request
  • King’s government resigned, forcing Byng to make a decision
  • He asked leader of opposition, Arthur Meighen of the Conservative party to govern in the House of Commons
  • They didn’t have support and lost their first confidence vote
  • Byng couldn’t turn to anyone else and had to dissolve parliament and an election was called
  • To King → it was an example of British interference in Canadian affairs, deciding when Canada could or could not call an election
  • In the election, King won a majority government by campaigning for Canadian nationalism
  • King restricted power of the Governor General by establishing a Canadian high commissioner in London and English and British ambassador in Ottawa for greater communication with Great Britain
    Canada exchanged representatives with the U.S., France and Japan.
  • OVERALL:
    The King-Byng Affair was a 1926 Canadian constitutional crisis pitting the powers of a prime minister against the powers of a governor general. It began when Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King asked Governor General Lord Julian Byng of Vimy to dissolve Parliament and call fresh elections. Byng refused. It ended with King winning an eventual election, and no governor general ever again publicly refusing the advice of a prime minister.
58
Q

What was the Balfour Report?

A
  • Pm King received formal declaration of autonomy for Canada at an Imperial Conference in 1926
  • Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa became self-governing nations → equal in status and freely associated with Britain in the new “Commonwealth of Nations”
  • The formal report = Balfour Declaration
  • Marked end of the old-style British imperialism and beginning of association of nations
  • Bound by common interest and loyalty to Britain
  • This document from the 1926 Imperial Conference declares the United Kingdom and its Dominions equal in status in all matters of internal and external affairs.
59
Q

What was the Statute of Westminster?

A
  • 1931: Britain passed the Statute of Westminster → gave Canada and other British Commonwealth countries complete control over their relations with other nations
  • Britain couldn’t make laws for its colonies anymore
  • Some political links remained between Canada and British government
  • Marked Canada’s road to supreme power and authority
  • Historians call it Canada’s declaration of independence
  • The Statute of Westminster, 1931 is a British law. It was passed on 11 December 1931. It made all the Commonwealth countries independent and equal with Britain. They now had full legal freedom except in areas of their choosing.
60
Q

Why were FN encouraged to sign treaties in Canada?

A
  • Canadian government → wanted to attract settlers to Western Canada but also avoid this violence in Canada
  • Encouraged Western First Nations to sign treaties with some benfits in exchange to give up most of their land
  • Reserves: land set aside for their exclusive use) → granted to First Nations
61
Q

What was the Indian Act and the benefits with it?

A
  • 1876: Parliament passed Indian Act → gave government almost complete control of the lives of First Nations on reserves
  • Indian Act: defined who was a “status Indian” was eligible to receive benefits prmosied
  • Benefits include: funded health care and education
62
Q

Disadvantages of the Indian Act?

A
  • Act took away their rights to govern themselves and righ to vote
  • Restricted how much they earn, required to ask for permission to leave their reserve
  • Prohibited them from consuming alcohol
  • Each reserve, the government made an Indian agent control people’s day to day activities
  • Parliament changed act several time( to harm Aborigninals) without consulting First Nations people
63
Q

What was the goal of the Indian Act?

A

assimilate or make the First Nations people understand and become a part of the Canadian society

64
Q

What were reserves and how were they like?

A
  • Too small for First Nations to practice traditional activities (hunting/fishing)
  • Housing was primitive so it belonged to older generations so it lacked running water and indoor toilets
  • Poor healthcare and diseases occured
  • Poverty: children didn’t have a lot of food and suicide rates spiked
65
Q

What was the League of Indians of Canada and why was it created?

A
  • FN fought in WWI and thought that their contribution to the war would chagne how they were treated → but nothing changed when they returned home
  • FN veterns denied of benefits that non-FN veterans had
  • FN were forced to give up reserve land so government can offer it to no-FN veternas who wanted to farm that land
  • From all of this, Lague of Indians of Canda was founded → this tried to get their voices heard
  • Gov viewed their efforts with suspicion and worked to weakan the League
  • Ex. 1927: gov made change to Indian Act that it is illegal for FN to form political organizations
  • So League couldn’t attract widespread support
66
Q

What was the motivation for Residential schools?

A
  • His motivation was to gid rid of the Indian problem, to continue until there is no Indian in Canada that has not been absorbed in th ebody politico and that there is no Indian question and no Indian Depratment
  • He believed education was key to assimilation
  • Parliament made FN children remove from ordinary schools and change the Indian Act to make all children between ages 7 to 15 go to residential schools
67
Q

Goal of residential schools and what was it like?

A
  • Make children fit into Canadian scoity
  • English was the main language, forcing them to not speak their native language
  • Schools were run by churches and Christain religious values were taught, making the FN values and spirtuality non existent
  • Children sepearted from siblings and friends
  • Teachers were harsh
  • Students required to do housework and labour to reduce the institutions operating costs
68
Q

Legacy of residential schools

A
  • Separating the children from their family for a long time made them lose touch with their culture → gov goal
  • They couldn’t speak their native language and did not learn traditional native ways of life
  • Many children were traumatized by suffering physically and expericing sexual abuse
  • Children didn’t know how to be good parents as they were raised by people at the schools who wanted to erase the Indian in them
  • Children suffered relating to the problem they have today like substance abuse and sucide which traces back to the gov’s affect through these schools
69
Q

How did Cad gov treat immigrants and which groups were discriminated?

A
  • Cad gov wanted to attract certain types of immigratns to Canada while preventing others
  • African Americans, Asaians from Idnia, China and Japen were unwelcome
70
Q

Explain black discrimination

A
  • Gov made statement saying that black people were unsuited to the climate of Canada
  • Separte black schools were set up in Nova Scotia
  • Restrcied to a number of operations like porters on trains
71
Q

Explain chinese discrimination and disadvantages they faced

A
  • Had to pay a head tax when entering Canada
  • Weren’t allowed to vote
  • 1923: parliament passed the Chinese Immigration Act → blocked all Chinese immigrants into Canada
  • Chinese workers in Canada couldn’t bring their wives or children to the country → grew a large bachelor chinese society
72
Q

Explain the overall discrimination and how they were viewed and in what ways should they be assimilated?

A
  • 1920s to 1930s: people complained about gov immigration policies
  • People viewed immigrants as an alien threat to their jobs or as communists who want to overthrow the government
  • No law prevented discrimination from employers to Jews and Ukrainains
  • Immigrants changed their names to sound British and hide their origins
  • Uni and training programs dricimanted people whose names didn’t sound British
  • Canadians believed immigrants should assimilate and abandon their own culture and languge, this would happen through the education system → just like FN
73
Q

How was the jobs and economy in the reserves?

A
  • Services were reduced as budgets were cut in the federal department of Indian Affairs
  • Government thought that annual benefits promised in treaties discouraged FN to find jobs so they reduced these payments
  • Rules limiting economic activities = few jobs available on reserves → unemployment was high
74
Q

How did FN see the Indian Act as?

A
  • First nations saw these treaties as binding contracts but government viewed it as promises they didn’t have to keep
75
Q

Why was the Committe of One Thousand created?

A

Citizens Committee of One Thousand was created to ensure city services were maintained during strikes and oppose the strikes as well

76
Q

What was Bloody Saturday and how did it cause the end of the strike?

A

A day where government exploded in violence at protests, injuring many people and killing two men. From fearing more violence, strikers called off the protest.

77
Q

What is collective bargaining?

A

Collective bargaining is a process of negotiation between employers and a group of employees aimed at agreements to regulate working salaries, working conditions, benefits, and other aspects of workers’ compensation and rights for workers.

78
Q

Why did metal workers go on strike and which council wanted to be recognized but was recjected?

A

Metal workers went on strike in Winnipeg → wanted higher wages and fewer hours
- The Metal Trades Council wanted to be recognized as a union that could bargain for its workers
- When employers denied it, the workers asked the Winnipeg Trades Labour Council for help → they believed that if every worker went on strike, employers would be forced to give in

79
Q

DIfference between Balfour Declaration and the Statue of Westminister?

A

Balfour Report of 1926, which had declared that Britain and its Dominions were constitutionally “equal in status.” Creates the British Commonwealth rather than the British Empire. Give countries equal representation
Britsain aknwoeleged that they are independent nations

The Statute of Westminster gave Canada and the other Commonwealth Dominions legislative equality with Britain. Giving canada complete control over their laws. More important and legit while balfour is more ceremonial.

80
Q

Why were unions formed for the Winnipeg Strike?

A

Unions were formed with people from the same trade
- A few people represented a larger group and bargained with employers → process called collective bargaining
- Purpose of unions: companies were not willing to discuss wage and working conditions
- So union members would vote to strike or stop working to put pressure on employers with other unions