Exam Review Flashcards
Why are children who come from higher socioeconomic homes more likely to be successful than children from middle or lower socioeconomic homes?
On average the number of words in a low economic home is far lower than high economic homes. They learn far less in low homes than in higher homes, also the environment is a huge part aswell.
Biologically speaking what is low psychological age?
Is an individual’s adaptive capabilities compared to others of the same C.A(chronological age)
Why do researchers believe that if you “sleep on it” you will feel better?
During sleep(rem) the brain is devoid of Norepinephrine, which makes us sad, resulting in us becoming in a better mood
What is the only brain region where neurogenesis occurs?
Four brain-hippocampas
What are the consequences of sleep deprivation?
Weaken connection between amygdala and PFC, lack of focus, solving problem skills, increased cortisol, lower mood, irritability, impaired immune system, higher risk of obesity, stroke, heart disease, cancer
Which brain regions become active during REM?
1)Visuo-spatial areas 2)primary mother cortex 3) Hippocampus 4) Amygdala
What do researchers consider necessary childhood experiences?
Social and physical connectedness with parent/caregiver during the first few years, constant affection
The MAOA gene has been linked to increasing levels of violence and aggression. There is a robust and sensitive variant. What makes it more likely a child will become aggressive, violent and potentially criminal?
Sensitive + traumatic experiences= agression
Sensitive- traumatic experiences= more compassionate.
As behavioral modification strategy, many parents us the “count to three” method to ensure compliance, this is often a failed strategy for what reason?
It is often a failed strategy because it gives the child little time to comprehend and think over what is being asked to be carried out
big 5
OCEAN
OPENNESS-routine vs imaginative, spontaneous
CONCIENCICNESS-impulsive, disorganized vs disciplined, careful
EXTRVERSION- Reserved, thoughtful, vs sociable, fun loving
AGREEABLENESS- SUSPICIOUS, UNCOOPERATIVE VS TRUSTING, HELPFUL
NEUROTOCISM- CALM, CONFIDENT VS ANXIOUS, PESSIMISTIC.
Pareto principle
80% of problems are from 20% of the world’s causes
Internal locus of control vs external locus of control
Internal- believe that everything is their own fault and take responsibility for everything
External- believe nothing is their fault and that its everyone else’s fault
Women and the increase of neuroticism? What could make this more impactful
Women become more neurotic because of their now ability to become fertile, which results in them becoming more paranoid mode because of the different things that could happen eg getting pregnant and them leaving. Also is used as a motherly instinct.
BDNF
Plays role in memory,behaviour
CBT
A type of phycological therapy that teaches people how to deal with situations and how to react
What order does the brain develop
Four brain, midbrain, hindbrain
What reflexes do we associate with the medulla
Yawning, swallowing, vomiting, gagging, laughing, coughing, blinking, sneezing
Motivational triad
Pain avoidance, law of least effort, pleasure seeking
The three processes of development
Biological- how we change biologically over time
Cognitive- how we change cognitively over time
Socio- how from before birth-death we change social life.
How to reduce cortisol
Get enough sleep, dont drink caffeine
How to increase cortisol
Alchohol, caffeine, lack of sleep
Why do some children develop reactive attachment disorders in orphanages?
The workers have many children to look over so they dont get to bond, so the children receive little to no physical and psychological comfort.
Sensitive periods
Broad windows of opportunity that are used for certain types of learning eg language
Critical periods
Narrow window of time where part of the body is most vulnerable to absence of stimulation or environmental influences
FASD
Fetal Alcohol Spetrum Disorder- mothers who drank during pregnancy can result in impacts on child
What neurotransmitter is associated with anticipation
Dopamine
What Disorders do we associate with serotonin?
Depression, anxiety, OCD, sleeping disorders, eating disorders
What problem is an under supply of acetylcholine associated with?
Memory issues and muscle disorders(alzheimers)
Teratology
The study of what causes birth defects(physical and psychological)
Which characteristics do researchers find to be associated with success?
Self regulation
Different types of neurons
Sensory, motor, mirror(receive, process, send messages)
Why is physical and mental activity good for the myelin?
It increases the thickness of the myelin which helps conduct the impulse faster
Why is myelin important?
It acts as insulation, surrounds the axon, helps conduct electrical impulses faster.
Neurons job
Recive, process, send messages.
How many neurons do humans have at birth?
200 billion before and 80-100 billion after
During what time is the brain and the spinal cord/ nervous system critical?
The first month of development
What experiences have the same or greater effect than neglect and abuse
Separation and reconnection,
What is the greatest consequence of FASD
Depression and OCD
What does childhood trauma, and abuse affect the Gene’s
Brains are 20-30% smaller
What does it mean when it says “oxytocin is a reciprocal relationship”
It means that it is a natural occurrence and cannot be replaced by somthing else
What affects how much pain someone might experience?
Endorphins(opioids)
Which neurotransmitter is marijuana associated with?
Dopamine
5 steps in neuro transmission
1) synthesis
2) storage
3)release
4)Binding
5)deactivation
