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Exam Review Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The body’s ability to maintain a consistent internal environment without changing external environment

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2
Q

Explain what happens when your body gets too hot

A

Body temperature rises above 37°C, hormones target sweat glands

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3
Q

Explain what happens when your body gets too cold

A

Body temperature drops below 37°C, hormones target muscles (cause contractions)

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4
Q

What are the similarities and differences between negative feedback and positive feedback?

A

Each cause has to do with the temperature, our temperature will always go back to normal

Our body temperature will always change, hormones target different things, different changes

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5
Q

What are similarities and differences between passive transport and active transport

A

Passive transport is without the use of energy by the cell, it includes: Diffusion, Osmosis, and facilitated diffusion

Active transport uses energy by the cell, it includes: Ion pumps, exocytosis, and endocytosis

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6
Q

List the different types of endocytosis

A

Pinocytosis: Endocytosis of a fluid

Phagocytosis: Endocytosis of a solid

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7
Q

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

A

to make energy (ATP) for the cell

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8
Q

What are the three types of nutrients?

A

Carbs, lipids, and protein

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9
Q

what macromolecules do the following enzymes digest? Where are these enzymes located?
-Pepsin
-Amylase
-Lipase

A

Pepsin: digests proteins, located in the stomach

Amylase: digests starch, located in saliva

Lipase: digests fats, located in the pancreas

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10
Q

What is the difference between hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis

A

Hydrolysis is a reaction that splits apart a polymer into shorter molecules

Dehydration synthesis is the joining of two smaller molecules to form a larger molecule

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11
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats

A

Saturated: solid at room temperature, animal based fats

Unsaturated: liquid at room temperature, plant based fats

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12
Q

Define the tongue

A

moves food around the mouth, mixing with saliva to form bolus, pushes food towards pharynx for swallowing

a form of physical digestion

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13
Q

Define teeth

A

There are 28 permanent teeth, includes incisors for cutting food, canines to tear or shred food, premolars for crushing and grinding food, molars for grinding and have more ridges

a form of physical digestion

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14
Q

Define salivary glands

A

There are three types of salivary glands: parotid glands, submandibular glands, sublingual glands

a form of chemical digestion

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15
Q

Define epiglottis

A

A flap that prevents food from entering the lungs by covering the trachea while swallowing

a form of physical digestion

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16
Q

Define esophagus

A

Is a muscular tube that connects pharynx to the stomach, bolus is pushed down by peristalsis

a form of physical digestion

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17
Q

Define pharynx

A

The space behind the oral cavity

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18
Q

Define cardiac sphincter

A

A thin ring of muscles that helps to prevent stomach contents from going back up into the esophagus

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19
Q

Define pyloric sphincter

A

A muscular valve that opens to allow food to pass from the stomach to the top of the small intestine

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20
Q

Define stomach

A

A J-shaped organ containing three layers of muscles used to churn food

A form of chemical digestion

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21
Q

Define small intestine

A

Starts at the pyloric sphincter, nutrients are absorbed through the wall of the small intestine into the blood stream via diffusion, made up of three sections: duodenum, jejunum, ileum

A form of physical digestion

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22
Q

Define large intestine

A

its diameter is greater than the small intestine, main function is water absorption, absorption of vitamins, removes undigested food

a form of physical digestion

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23
Q

Define liver

A

Detoxifies harmful substances and produces bile

a form of chemical digestion

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24
Q

Define gallbladder

A

The organ that stores and releases bile

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25
Q

Define pancreas

A

A flat gland that lies in the abdomen behind the stomach, produces pancreatic juices into the small intestine to help with digestion

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26
Q

What is the difference between mechanical digestion and chemical?

A

Mechanical digestion consists of physical movement which breakdown food into smaller pieces without changing the chemical make-up of the food

Chemical digestion consists of enzymes and chemicals made within the human body that breaks down food small enough to be absorbed into the blood stream

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27
Q

Why do we need to eat and drink?

A

So our body can provide us with energy and nutrients that we need just to function

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28
Q

What is the purpose of digestion?

A

Digestion is important for breaking down food into nutrients which our body uses for energy growth, and cell repair

29
Q

Define nasal cavity

A

Space behind the nose, function to filter, warm and moisten air

30
Q

Define larynx

A

The portion of the respiratory tract containing the vocal cords

31
Q

Define pharynx

A

Situated behind the mouth and serves both the respiratory system and digestive system

32
Q

Define trachea

A

Is a tube like structure that connects the larynx to the bronchi

33
Q

Define bronchi

A

The two main bronchi (left and right) that lead to our right and left lungs with a series of branches called bronchioles

34
Q

Define bronchioles

A

The smaller branches that stem from the bronchi

35
Q

Define alveoli

A

Where gas exchange occurs, is covered by a capillary network to exchange O2 and CO2

36
Q

Define diaphragm

A

The muscle located underneath the lungs

37
Q

Why do we need to breath?

A

So oxygen can enter our bloodstream to help with the proper functioning of our tissues and organs

38
Q

What occurs during inhalation and exhalation?

A

During inhalation the ribs move up and out, diaphragm moves down, and intercostal muscles contract

During exhalation the ribs move down and in, diaphragm moves up, and intercostal muscles relax

39
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

In the alveoli

40
Q

What other body system is involved with gas exchange?

A

Our lungs

41
Q

What is cellular respiration? Why is it important?

A

Its a series of chemical reactions that break down glucose to produce ATP, its important because it provides cells with the energy they need to function

42
Q

What is internal respiration? What is external respiration?

A

Internal respiration is between the capillaries and cells

External respiration is between the alveoli and capillaries

43
Q

What is the main difference between breathing through your nose and breathing through your mouth?

A

Breathing through your nose filters, warms, and moistens air while breathing through your mouth does not filter any foreign bodies

44
Q

What causes inspiration and expiration?

A

Contractions and relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles that cause pressure changes

45
Q

Contrast lung air pressure during inspiration and expiration

A

During inspiration there is low pressure in the chest, during expiration there is high pressure inside the chest

46
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The amount of air that you normally inhale and exhale

47
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after exhaling normally

48
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after inhaling normally

49
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The maximum amount of air that you can inhale and exhale

50
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The air that remains in your lungs after you exhale the maximum amount of air in your lungs

51
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

The total volume of air your lungs can hold

52
Q

What is medulla oblongata?

A

A structure in the brain that helps to maintain homeostasis

53
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

Sensory receptors that transduces a chemical signal into a potential action

54
Q

What is the role of the circulatory system?

A

To transport nutrients to cells, transport oxygen to cells, and remove waste from cells

55
Q

What is the difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure

A

Systolic pressure is the maximum blood pressure during contractions of the ventricles

Diastolic pressure is the minimum pressure record just prior to the next contraction

56
Q

Why is the heart considered a double pump?

A

Because the left side pumps oxygenated blood to the body tissue and the right side pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circuit

57
Q

What are the three main types of blood vessels

A

Veins, arteries and capillaries

58
Q

What are the differences between arteries and veins

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart, and veins carry blood towards the heart

59
Q

Why does the heart and veins contain valves

A

To prevent black flow of blood

60
Q

Which artery supplies the heart muscles with blood

A

The coronary arteries

61
Q

What is the name of the vein that circulates blood through the liver, kidneys and lungs

A

Vena Cava

62
Q

How many chambers does the heart contain?

A

Four

63
Q

What chambers contain oxygenated blood? Which chamber contains deoxygenated blood?

A

Right atrium and right ventricle contain deoxygenated blood, left atrium and left ventricle contain oxygenated blood

64
Q

What occurs during diastole and systole?

A

Diastole is the stage where the heart is relaxing, systole is where the heart is contracting

65
Q

What are the four components of blood?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, platelets

66
Q

What is the function of blood?

A

Transportation, regulation, and protection

67
Q

Where is blood made?

A

In the bone marrow

68
Q

What are the two different types of blood cells?

A

Red blood cells and white blood cells

69
Q

How can you tell if a person has leukemia?

A

A person with leukemia will have an abnormal amount of white blood cells

Biology (3 decks)

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