EXAM REVIEW Flashcards
sociology definition
the study of society
(family (dynamics) school, peer groups, influence, social media, social interactions, laws )
psychology definition
scientific study of the human mind and its functions (mental health, thought process, dynamics in relationships, past experiences)
anthropology definition
broad study of humankind around the world and throughout time.
List the types of research methods
(Hint: there is 4)
Cover vs Overt
Participant vs Non-participant
Structured vs Unstructured
Quantitative vs Qualitative
Theories of Social Change
EVOLUTIONARY
CYCLICAL
CHALLENGE AND RESPONSE
CONFLICT
Luddism
opposing the use of technology
What defines a culture
beliefs and traditions passed down from generation to generation
Cognitive Dissonance
mental conflict that occurs when your beliefs don’t line up with your actions.
Learning Theory
monkey see monkey do
what you see is what you do
Operant Conditioning and discrimination
Operant Conditioning: method of learning that employs rewards and punishments for behaviour
discrimination: treats a person or a group badly for reasons such as their race, age or disability.
Festinger
(Theory, Definition, and Example)
- cognitive dissonance theory
- two beliefs are inconsistent, individuals experience negatively arousing cognitive conflict
- individuals who continue to smoke, even though they know it is harmful to their health
Robert Merton
(Theory, Definition, and Example)
- strain theory
- Deviance is more likely to occur when a gap exists between cultural goals and the culturally approved means of achieving those goals
- one who accepts the goal of wealth but cannot get a legal job will turn to illegal means of earning money
Piaget
(Theory, Definition, and Example)
- cognitive development
- children’s intelligence undergoes changes as they grow.
Eduard Spranger
(Theory, Definition, and Example)
development through childhood to adulthood to childhood
learn about values, etc.
Strauss-Howe
(Theory, Definition, and Example)
- how young people think can tell us about big changes in society.
- When teenagers care about something, it might show us what’s important for the future.
- For example, if they care a lot about the environment now, it could mean we’ll all care more about it in the future.
G. Stanley Hall
(Theory, Definition, and Example)
adolescent’s decreased level of self-control as the ‘storm’ and their increased sensitivity as the ‘stress’
Fledgling adults
a period of development spanning from about ages 18 to 29
Deviance
Behaviour that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society
Demographics
statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it.
Erikson, identity diffusion
characterizes those who have neither explored the options, nor made a commitment to an identity.
Erikson’s stages
-
Agents of socialization
a combination of social groups and social institutions
Technological determinism
media technology shapes how we as individuals in a society think, feel, act
Technostress
unable to cope with new technology, causes stress, etc
Durkheim
Kohlberg
- Kohlberg is known for his theory of moral development
- Authority figures and social roles can influence a person’s moral development
Mcluhan law
Enhance (Enhancing an ability): Enhances the ability to speak to each other
Obsolete (Getting rid of an ability): Writing on paper
Retrieve (Medium recovers which was previously lost): Talk to people at long distances
Flip (What does the medium reverse/flip into when pushed to extremes?): Social Media
Robert Merton: Strain theory
Deviance is more likely to occur when a gap exists between cultural goals and the culturally approved means of achieving those goals.
Travis Hirschi Deviant Control theory
strong social bonds and a sense of belonging deter individuals from deviating from social norms.
Social inequality
unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group or society
Stratified society
Unequal distribution of rewards, resources and opportunities
experiences and opportunities are defined by the social category they belong to
social stratification
Refers to structured systems of inequality that rank people according to a hierarchy
Social class
group of people within a society who possess the same socioeconomic status.
Social justice
distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society.
Max Weber
Insisted that status + class + power = social inequality
SPA Theoretical perspectives on inequality
(Hint: 2 conflict theorists)
Conflict Theorists = Karl Marx and Max Weber
Karl Marx: primarily focused on class conflict within an economic context
conflict would cause social change between upper and social class
Marx Weber: Status + Class + Power = Social Inequality
Status: Same life
Melvin Tumin
social stratification prevented qualified people from attempting to fill roles
Open system
An achievement-based economic system
Allows for social mobility and changes between classes
Closed system
Their social status is ascribed by birth.
Intragratinol Mobility
Mobility within an individual’s lifetime
Intergenerational occupational mobility
Process of reaching occupation location higher or lower than location held by parents
Ascribed Status
A position assigned to a person at birth without any consideration for their characteristics or skills
Maquilas
first nations sweatshops
Globalization
free trade, moving service, culture, etc
Economic globalization
trading goods for money, services for money
Replacement levels
amount of births replace amount of deaths
Transnational corporation
businesses that have global reach
School of thought Psychology
psychoanalytic theory, behaviourism, learning theory
School of thought anthropology
structuralism, functionalism, cultural materialism
Functionalism
trying to meet members of society’s physical and psychological needs. The roles people play in society
Structuralism
Based on binary opposites. Analyzing the good and bad in society
Cultural Materialism
looking at the technology and economics a society has
Psychoanalytic theory
the mind is divided into 3 sections (ego, superego, ID)
Superego: Part of the unconscious mind telling the conscious what to do and what not to do
Ego: The conscious part of the brain (aware of what is happening)
ID: Part of the unconscious mind that gives aggressive impulses
Behaviourism
modify human behaviour by identifying the factors that motivate it (How were you raised at home)
Learning Theory
Monkey see, Monkey do
School of Thought sociology
Structural Functionalism
Neo-Marxism
Feminism
Inclusionism
Symbolic Interactionism
Structural Functionalism
how the institution works to meet the needs of society
Neo-Marxism
the richer is trying to get rich, society struggles with the power/needs of people
Feminism
inequality between men and women
Inclusionism
how does the society work to meet the needs and include everyone
Symbolic Interactionism
Individuals behave in the group, how they expect them to behave
3 main forces of social change
- charismatic leaders
- large visions
- popular support
- promises rewards - roles of elites
- respected by many
- very visible in society
- has social power - population ready for change
- social groups need to recognize the need for change
- they then will choose to or choose not to embrace the change
Travis Hirschi
Humans are selfish inside but can control urges due to values set by society
Inner Contiamention: Self esteem and morally developed
Outer Containmention: Social controls, teacher and police (consequences will happen)
Durkheim
Increased social norms bring increased social cohesion, when everyone follows the same norms it creates better cooperation and unity
Baudrillard
Technology keeps humans disconnected from society
People no longer spend time talking to family they live in cyberspace
