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Challenge and Change > EXAM REVIEW > Flashcards

EXAM REVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

sociology definition

A

the study of society
(family (dynamics) school, peer groups, influence, social media, social interactions, laws )

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2
Q

psychology definition

A

scientific study of the human mind and its functions (mental health, thought process, dynamics in relationships, past experiences)

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3
Q

anthropology definition

A

broad study of humankind around the world and throughout time.

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4
Q

List the types of research methods
(Hint: there is 4)

A

Cover vs Overt
Participant vs Non-participant
Structured vs Unstructured
Quantitative vs Qualitative

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5
Q

Theories of Social Change

A

EVOLUTIONARY
CYCLICAL
CHALLENGE AND RESPONSE
CONFLICT

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6
Q

Luddism

A

opposing the use of technology

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7
Q

What defines a culture

A

beliefs and traditions passed down from generation to generation

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8
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

mental conflict that occurs when your beliefs don’t line up with your actions.

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9
Q

Learning Theory

A

monkey see monkey do
what you see is what you do

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10
Q

Operant Conditioning and discrimination

A

Operant Conditioning: method of learning that employs rewards and punishments for behaviour

discrimination: treats a person or a group badly for reasons such as their race, age or disability.

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11
Q

Festinger
(Theory, Definition, and Example)

A
  • cognitive dissonance theory
  • two beliefs are inconsistent, individuals experience negatively arousing cognitive conflict
  • individuals who continue to smoke, even though they know it is harmful to their health
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12
Q

Robert Merton
(Theory, Definition, and Example)

A
  • strain theory
  • Deviance is more likely to occur when a gap exists between cultural goals and the culturally approved means of achieving those goals
  • one who accepts the goal of wealth but cannot get a legal job will turn to illegal means of earning money
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13
Q

Piaget
(Theory, Definition, and Example)

A
  • cognitive development
  • children’s intelligence undergoes changes as they grow.
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14
Q

Eduard Spranger
(Theory, Definition, and Example)

A

development through childhood to adulthood to childhood

learn about values, etc.

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15
Q

Strauss-Howe
(Theory, Definition, and Example)

A
  • how young people think can tell us about big changes in society.
  • When teenagers care about something, it might show us what’s important for the future.
  • For example, if they care a lot about the environment now, it could mean we’ll all care more about it in the future.
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16
Q

G. Stanley Hall
(Theory, Definition, and Example)

A

adolescent’s decreased level of self-control as the ‘storm’ and their increased sensitivity as the ‘stress’

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17
Q

Fledgling adults

A

a period of development spanning from about ages 18 to 29

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18
Q

Deviance

A

Behaviour that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society

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19
Q

Demographics

A

statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it.

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20
Q

Erikson, identity diffusion

A

characterizes those who have neither explored the options, nor made a commitment to an identity.

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21
Q

Erikson’s stages

A

-

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21
Q

Agents of socialization

A

a combination of social groups and social institutions

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21
Q

Technological determinism

A

media technology shapes how we as individuals in a society think, feel, act

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21
Q

Technostress

A

unable to cope with new technology, causes stress, etc

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21
Q

Durkheim

A
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22
Q

Kohlberg

A
  • Kohlberg is known for his theory of moral development
  • Authority figures and social roles can influence a person’s moral development
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22
Q

Mcluhan law

A

Enhance (Enhancing an ability): Enhances the ability to speak to each other
Obsolete (Getting rid of an ability): Writing on paper
Retrieve (Medium recovers which was previously lost): Talk to people at long distances
Flip (What does the medium reverse/flip into when pushed to extremes?): Social Media

22
Q

Robert Merton: Strain theory

A

Deviance is more likely to occur when a gap exists between cultural goals and the culturally approved means of achieving those goals.

22
Q

Travis Hirschi Deviant Control theory

A

strong social bonds and a sense of belonging deter individuals from deviating from social norms.

22
Q

Social inequality

A

unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group or society

23
Q

Stratified society

A

Unequal distribution of rewards, resources and opportunities

experiences and opportunities are defined by the social category they belong to

23
Q

social stratification

A

Refers to structured systems of inequality that rank people according to a hierarchy

23
Q

Social class

A

group of people within a society who possess the same socioeconomic status.

24
Q

Social justice

A

distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society.

25
Q

Max Weber

A

Insisted that status + class + power = social inequality

26
Q

SPA Theoretical perspectives on inequality

(Hint: 2 conflict theorists)

A

Conflict Theorists = Karl Marx and Max Weber

Karl Marx: primarily focused on class conflict within an economic context
conflict would cause social change between upper and social class

Marx Weber: Status + Class + Power = Social Inequality
Status: Same life

27
Q

Melvin Tumin

A

social stratification prevented qualified people from attempting to fill roles

28
Q

Open system

A

An achievement-based economic system
Allows for social mobility and changes between classes

29
Q

Closed system

A

Their social status is ascribed by birth.

30
Q

Intragratinol Mobility

A

Mobility within an individual’s lifetime

31
Q

Intergenerational occupational mobility

A

Process of reaching occupation location higher or lower than location held by parents

32
Q

Ascribed Status

A

A position assigned to a person at birth without any consideration for their characteristics or skills

33
Q

Maquilas

A

first nations sweatshops

34
Q

Globalization

A

free trade, moving service, culture, etc

35
Q

Economic globalization

A

trading goods for money, services for money

36
Q

Replacement levels

A

amount of births replace amount of deaths

37
Q

Transnational corporation

A

businesses that have global reach

38
Q

School of thought Psychology

A

psychoanalytic theory, behaviourism, learning theory

39
Q

School of thought anthropology

A

structuralism, functionalism, cultural materialism

40
Q

Functionalism

A

trying to meet members of society’s physical and psychological needs. The roles people play in society

41
Q

Structuralism

A

Based on binary opposites. Analyzing the good and bad in society

42
Q

Cultural Materialism

A

looking at the technology and economics a society has

43
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A

the mind is divided into 3 sections (ego, superego, ID)
Superego: Part of the unconscious mind telling the conscious what to do and what not to do
Ego: The conscious part of the brain (aware of what is happening)
ID: Part of the unconscious mind that gives aggressive impulses

44
Q

Behaviourism

A

modify human behaviour by identifying the factors that motivate it (How were you raised at home)

45
Q

Learning Theory

A

Monkey see, Monkey do

46
Q

School of Thought sociology

A

Structural Functionalism
Neo-Marxism
Feminism
Inclusionism
Symbolic Interactionism

47
Q

Structural Functionalism

A

how the institution works to meet the needs of society

48
Q

Neo-Marxism

A

the richer is trying to get rich, society struggles with the power/needs of people

49
Q

Feminism

A

inequality between men and women

50
Q

Inclusionism

A

how does the society work to meet the needs and include everyone

51
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

A

Individuals behave in the group, how they expect them to behave

52
Q

3 main forces of social change

A
  1. charismatic leaders
    - large visions
    - popular support
    - promises rewards
  2. roles of elites
    - respected by many
    - very visible in society
    - has social power
  3. population ready for change
    - social groups need to recognize the need for change
    - they then will choose to or choose not to embrace the change
53
Q

Travis Hirschi

A

Humans are selfish inside but can control urges due to values set by society

Inner Contiamention: Self esteem and morally developed

Outer Containmention: Social controls, teacher and police (consequences will happen)

54
Q

Durkheim

A

Increased social norms bring increased social cohesion, when everyone follows the same norms it creates better cooperation and unity

55
Q

Baudrillard

A

Technology keeps humans disconnected from society
People no longer spend time talking to family they live in cyberspace

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