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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Intro to Nature of Science

prokaryote

A

unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus

does not have membrane-bound organelles

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2
Q

Intro to Nature of Science

eukaryote

A

multi-cellular organism with nucleus with membrane bound organelles

can sometimes be unicellular in select cases

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3
Q

Intro to Nature of Science

independent variable

also used throughout other units

A

what is changing

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4
Q

Intro to Nature of Science

dependent variable

also used throughout other units

A

how the change is measured

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5
Q

Intro to Nature of Science

controlled variable

also used throughout other units

A

what is held constant/stays the same

can have multiple control variables for different aspects of experiment

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6
Q

Intro to Nature of Science

slope

also used throughout other units

A

rise over run

think as fraction

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7
Q

Chemistry

Suspension

A

a heterogeneous mixture containing solvent repelent solutes

the solutes don’t mix with the solvent

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8
Q

Chemistry

solution

A

a mixture of solute and solvent

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9
Q

Chemistry

product

A

a substance produced as a result of a chemical reaction

reactions such as catabolic or anabolic

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10
Q

Chemistry

reactant

A

substance present at the start of a chemical reaction

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11
Q

Chemistry

solvent

A

substance dissolving the solute

usually water

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12
Q

Chemistry

solute

A

substance being dissolved in the solvent

like salt in salt water

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13
Q

Chemistry

exothermic

A

a reaction that releases energy

usually a catabolic reaction

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14
Q

Chemistry

endothermic

A

a reaction that absorbs energy

usually an anabolic reaction

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15
Q

Chemistry

catabolic

A

a reaction that breaks up a subtance

releases energy making it catabolic

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16
Q

Chemistry

anabolic

A

a reaction that builds up a substance

endothermic because it takes in energy

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17
Q

Chemistry

atomic number

A

amount of protons in an atom

found on the top of the element square

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18
Q

Chemistry

atomic mass

A

mass of an atom

found at the bottom of an element square

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19
Q

Chemistry

protons

A

positive charge of an atom; found in nucleus

amount found on atomic number

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20
Q

Chemistry

neutrons

A

neutral charge of an atom; found in nucleus

amount found by subtracting atomic mass and atomic number

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21
Q

Chemistry

electrons

A

negative charge of an atom

same amount as protons

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22
Q

Chemistry

ion

A

a form of an atom that has lost or gained electrons

cation has gained; anion has lost

looks like H+ or O-

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23
Q

Chemistry

ionic bond

A

exchange of electrons

creates ions

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24
Q

Chemistry

polar covalent bond

A

unequal sharing of electrons

covalent bond is a sharing of electrons rather than exchange

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25
Q

Chemistry

nonpolar covalent bond

A

an equal sharing of electrons

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26
Q

Chemistry

hydrogen bond

A

bond between water molecules
| usually very weak

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27
Q

Biological Chemistry

monomer

A

simplest form of a macromolecule

monosacchride, nucleotide, amino acid

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28
Q

Biological Chemistry

protein monomer

A

amino acid

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29
Q

Biological Chemistry

important for function of protein

denaturing

A

shape/structure

denaturing changes shape, active site unable to bond with substrate

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30
Q

Biological Chemistry

types of carbohydrates

A

sugars, starch, chitin, glycogen, cellulose

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31
Q

Biological Chemistry

lipids

A

fats and oils, steriods, phospholipids

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32
Q

Biological Chemistry

nucleic acids monomer

A

nucleotides

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33
Q

Biological Chemistry

nucleic acids

A

ATP, RNA, DNA

genetic info

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34
Q

Water Chemistry

cohesion

A

water sticks to itself

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35
Q

Water Chemistry

adhesion

A

water sticks to other objects

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36
Q

Water Chemistry

surface tension

A

water bonds to itself and creates a layer of tension on the surface

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37
Q

Water Chemistry

high heat of vaporization/ high specific heat

A

water absorbs heat and it’s hard to change temp of water to evaporate

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38
Q

Water Chemistry

ice is less dense then liquid water

A

ice floats on water

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39
Q

Water Chemistry

water is a good solvent

A

water bonds well with many molecules and dissolves them

40
Q

Cells

plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer containing proteins; semipermeable

41
Q

Cells

nucleus

A

control center of cell, contains genetic info

42
Q

Cells

ribosomes

A

synthesizes proteins

43
Q

Cells

SER + RER

A

has ribosomes, transportation

44
Q

Cells

golgi

A

changes organizes and packages molecules

45
Q

Cells

central vacuole

A

cell shape and support

46
Q

Cells

mitochondria

A

powerhouse of the cell

47
Q

Cells

chloroplast

A

photosynthesis

48
Q

Cells

cell wall

A

structure to plant and bacteria cells

49
Q

Cells

nucleoid

A

prokaryotic genetic info

50
Q

Cells

flagella

A

whip-like tail on some bacteria

51
Q

Cells

pili

A

small hair-like things on some prokaryotes

52
Q

Cells

capsule

A

protective layer outside cell envelope of bacteria

53
Q

Cells

endomembrane system

A

golgi body, SER, RER, vesicles

54
Q

Cells

endosymbiotic theory

A

theory that mitochondria and chloroplast evolved from bacteria

absorbed by the membrane resulting in double membrane

55
Q

Plasma Membrane

cholesterol

A

fat that regulates fluidity of membrane

56
Q

Membrane

phospholipid

A

hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail

57
Q

Membrane

proteins

peripheral and integral

A

peripheral- partially in membrane
integral- all the way through

58
Q

Membrane

glyco-proteins and lipids

A

identification for cells

59
Q

Membrane

bilayer

A

2 phospholipid layers because the heads attract to the liquid outside cell

60
Q

Membrane

flexible and fluid

A

bendable and phospholipids and proteins move within

61
Q

Membrane

passive transport

A

high to low conc. w/o energy

62
Q

Passive Transport

simple diffusion

A

diffusion across a membrane w/o channels/proteins

63
Q

Passive Transport

facilitated diffusion

A

diffusion using channels or proteins

64
Q

Passive Transport

osmosis

A

facilitated diffusion of water

65
Q

Passive Transport

hypertonic

A

lots of solute

66
Q

Passive Transport

hypotonic

A

little solute

67
Q

Passive Transport

isotonic

A

equal solute and solvent

68
Q

Passive Transport

semi-permeable

A

lets selective molecules through

69
Q

Membrane

active transport

A

low to high conc. w/ energy

70
Q

Enzymes

enzyme

A

catalyst that speeds up reactions

71
Q

Enzymes

substrate

A

what gets broken down or built up by enzyme

72
Q

Enzymes

active site

A

where substrate binds to enzyme

73
Q

Enzymes

regulation

inhibition/activation

A

inhibition- blocks active site
activation- helps enzyme

74
Q

Enzymes

catalyst

A

substance that increase rate of reaction

75
Q

Enzymes

anabolic v. catabolic

A

anabolic= build up
catabolic= break down

76
Q

Enzymes

endothermic v. exothermic

A

endothermic= take in energy
exothermic= release energy

77
Q

Enzymes

activation energy

A

energy required for a reaction

78
Q

Enzymes

temp affect ROR

A

speed up with heat bc molecules move faster; slows with high heat bc enzymes denature

79
Q

Enzymes

ph affect ROR

A

ph too basic or acidic, enzymes denature

80
Q

Cellular Respiration

aerobic respiration

A

uses Oxygen to bond with H+ and send H2O out of cell

81
Q

Cellular Respiration

anaerobic respiration

A

doesn’t use Oxygen; fermentation- lactic acid or alcoholic

82
Q

Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis inputs

A

glucose, 2 ATP

83
Q

Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis outputs

A

2 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate

84
Q

Cellular Respiration

Krebs Cycle inputs

A

2 pyruvate

pyruvate= 3 carbon chain

85
Q

Cellular Respiration

Krebs cycle outputs

A

CO2, NADH, FADH, 2 ATP

86
Q

Cellular Respiration

ETC inputs

A

NADH, FADH, electrons

87
Q

Cellular Respiration

ETC outputs

A

34 ATP, Oxygen, H2O

88
Q

Cellular Respiration

ETC process

A

NADH + FADH empty out high energy electrons; they do active transport with H+

89
Q

Cellular Respiration

Chemiosmosis

A

ATP synthase takes in H+ passively and spins to push ADP+P to make ATP

90
Q

Cellular Respiration

cytoplasm

A

where glycolysis occurs, outside mitochondria

91
Q

Cellular Respiration

Matrix

A

Krebs cycle occurs, innermost gel-like substance of mitochondria

92
Q

Cellular Respiration

inner membrane

A

membrane between matrix and intermembrane space; ETC on here

93
Q

Cellular Respiration

intermembrane space

A

where H+ is stored during ETC cycle; in between inner and outer membrane

94
Q

Cellular Respiration

substrate level phosphorylation

A

creation of ATP

95
Q

General

qualitative

A

reasoning, doesn’t use numbers

96
Q

General

quantitative

A

evidence; uses numbers

Biology (5 decks)

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