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exam review Flashcards

1
Q

Intro to Nature of Science

prokaryote

A

unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus

does not have membrane-bound organelles

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2
Q

Intro to Nature of Science

eukaryote

A

multi-cellular organism with nucleus with membrane bound organelles

can sometimes be unicellular in select cases

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3
Q

Intro to Nature of Science

independent variable

also used throughout other units

A

what is changing

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4
Q

Intro to Nature of Science

dependent variable

also used throughout other units

A

how the change is measured

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5
Q

Intro to Nature of Science

controlled variable

also used throughout other units

A

what is held constant/stays the same

can have multiple control variables for different aspects of experiment

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6
Q

Intro to Nature of Science

slope

also used throughout other units

A

rise over run

think as fraction

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7
Q

Chemistry

Suspension

A

a heterogeneous mixture containing solvent repelent solutes

the solutes don’t mix with the solvent

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8
Q

Chemistry

solution

A

a mixture of solute and solvent

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9
Q

Chemistry

product

A

a substance produced as a result of a chemical reaction

reactions such as catabolic or anabolic

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10
Q

Chemistry

reactant

A

substance present at the start of a chemical reaction

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11
Q

Chemistry

solvent

A

substance dissolving the solute

usually water

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12
Q

Chemistry

solute

A

substance being dissolved in the solvent

like salt in salt water

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13
Q

Chemistry

exothermic

A

a reaction that releases energy

usually a catabolic reaction

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14
Q

Chemistry

endothermic

A

a reaction that absorbs energy

usually an anabolic reaction

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15
Q

Chemistry

catabolic

A

a reaction that breaks up a subtance

releases energy making it catabolic

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16
Q

Chemistry

anabolic

A

a reaction that builds up a substance

endothermic because it takes in energy

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17
Q

Chemistry

atomic number

A

amount of protons in an atom

found on the top of the element square

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18
Q

Chemistry

atomic mass

A

mass of an atom

found at the bottom of an element square

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19
Q

Chemistry

protons

A

positive charge of an atom; found in nucleus

amount found on atomic number

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20
Q

Chemistry

neutrons

A

neutral charge of an atom; found in nucleus

amount found by subtracting atomic mass and atomic number

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21
Q

Chemistry

electrons

A

negative charge of an atom

same amount as protons

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22
Q

Chemistry

ion

A

a form of an atom that has lost or gained electrons

cation has gained; anion has lost

looks like H+ or O-

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23
Q

Chemistry

ionic bond

A

exchange of electrons

creates ions

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24
Q

Chemistry

polar covalent bond

A

unequal sharing of electrons

covalent bond is a sharing of electrons rather than exchange

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25
# Chemistry nonpolar covalent bond
an equal sharing of electrons
26
# Chemistry hydrogen bond
bond between water molecules | usually very weak
27
# Biological Chemistry monomer
simplest form of a macromolecule | monosacchride, nucleotide, amino acid
28
# Biological Chemistry protein monomer
amino acid
29
# Biological Chemistry important for function of protein | denaturing
shape/structure | denaturing changes shape, active site unable to bond with substrate
30
# Biological Chemistry types of carbohydrates
sugars, starch, chitin, glycogen, cellulose
31
# Biological Chemistry lipids
fats and oils, steriods, phospholipids
32
# Biological Chemistry nucleic acids monomer
nucleotides
33
# Biological Chemistry nucleic acids
ATP, RNA, DNA | genetic info
34
# Water Chemistry cohesion
water sticks to itself
35
# Water Chemistry adhesion
water sticks to other objects
36
# Water Chemistry surface tension
water bonds to itself and creates a layer of tension on the surface
37
# Water Chemistry high heat of vaporization/ high specific heat
water absorbs heat and it's hard to change temp of water to evaporate
38
# Water Chemistry ice is less dense then liquid water
ice floats on water
39
# Water Chemistry water is a good solvent
water bonds well with many molecules and dissolves them
40
# Cells plasma membrane
phospholipid bilayer containing proteins; semipermeable
41
# Cells nucleus
control center of cell, contains genetic info
42
# Cells ribosomes
synthesizes proteins
43
# Cells SER + RER
has ribosomes, transportation
44
# Cells golgi
changes organizes and packages molecules
45
# Cells central vacuole
cell shape and support
46
# Cells mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell
47
# Cells chloroplast
photosynthesis
48
# Cells cell wall
structure to plant and bacteria cells
49
# Cells nucleoid
prokaryotic genetic info
50
# Cells flagella
whip-like tail on some bacteria
51
# Cells pili
small hair-like things on some prokaryotes
52
# Cells capsule
protective layer outside cell envelope of bacteria
53
# Cells endomembrane system
golgi body, SER, RER, vesicles
54
# Cells endosymbiotic theory
theory that mitochondria and chloroplast evolved from bacteria | absorbed by the membrane resulting in double membrane
55
# Plasma Membrane cholesterol
fat that regulates fluidity of membrane
56
# Membrane phospholipid
hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail
57
# Membrane proteins | peripheral and integral
peripheral- partially in membrane integral- all the way through
58
# Membrane glyco-proteins and lipids
identification for cells
59
# Membrane bilayer
2 phospholipid layers because the heads attract to the liquid outside cell
60
# Membrane flexible and fluid
bendable and phospholipids and proteins move within
61
# Membrane passive transport
high to low conc. w/o energy
62
# Passive Transport simple diffusion
diffusion across a membrane w/o channels/proteins
63
# Passive Transport facilitated diffusion
diffusion using channels or proteins
64
# Passive Transport osmosis
facilitated diffusion of water
65
# Passive Transport hypertonic
lots of solute
66
# Passive Transport hypotonic
little solute
67
# Passive Transport isotonic
equal solute and solvent
68
# Passive Transport semi-permeable
lets selective molecules through
69
# Membrane active transport
low to high conc. w/ energy
70
# Enzymes enzyme
catalyst that speeds up reactions
71
# Enzymes substrate
what gets broken down or built up by enzyme
72
# Enzymes active site
where substrate binds to enzyme
73
# Enzymes regulation | inhibition/activation
inhibition- blocks active site activation- helps enzyme
74
# Enzymes catalyst
substance that increase rate of reaction
75
# Enzymes anabolic v. catabolic
anabolic= build up catabolic= break down
76
# Enzymes endothermic v. exothermic
endothermic= take in energy exothermic= release energy
77
# Enzymes activation energy
energy required for a reaction
78
# Enzymes temp affect ROR
speed up with heat bc molecules move faster; slows with high heat bc enzymes denature
79
# Enzymes ph affect ROR
ph too basic or acidic, enzymes denature
80
# Cellular Respiration aerobic respiration
uses Oxygen to bond with H+ and send H2O out of cell
81
# Cellular Respiration anaerobic respiration
doesn't use Oxygen; fermentation- lactic acid or alcoholic
82
# Cellular Respiration Glycolysis inputs
glucose, 2 ATP
83
# Cellular Respiration Glycolysis outputs
2 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate
84
# Cellular Respiration Krebs Cycle inputs
2 pyruvate | pyruvate= 3 carbon chain
85
# Cellular Respiration Krebs cycle outputs
CO2, NADH, FADH, 2 ATP
86
# Cellular Respiration ETC inputs
NADH, FADH, electrons
87
# Cellular Respiration ETC outputs
34 ATP, Oxygen, H2O
88
# Cellular Respiration ETC process
NADH + FADH empty out high energy electrons; they do active transport with H+
89
# Cellular Respiration Chemiosmosis
ATP synthase takes in H+ passively and spins to push ADP+P to make ATP
90
# Cellular Respiration cytoplasm
where glycolysis occurs, outside mitochondria
91
# Cellular Respiration Matrix
Krebs cycle occurs, innermost gel-like substance of mitochondria
92
# Cellular Respiration inner membrane
membrane between matrix and intermembrane space; ETC on here
93
# Cellular Respiration intermembrane space
where H+ is stored during ETC cycle; in between inner and outer membrane
94
# Cellular Respiration substrate level phosphorylation
creation of ATP
95
# General qualitative
reasoning, doesn't use numbers
96
# General quantitative
evidence; uses numbers

Biology (5 decks)

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