exam review Flashcards
period 4 big idea 1: political parties continued to argue about policy, the supreme court established its role in government, and the usa expanded territorial holdings
- federalists (loose contrcutionalism) and democractic republics (strict constructionalism)
- Jefferson did not always conform to DR literal interpretation, like with the Louisianna Purchase
- Lewis and Clark explored north of LP and Zebula and Pike explored south part, both engagged in diplomacy with native americans in territory
- supreme court establishes their place, power increases under influence of chief justice john marshall
- marbury v madison — supreme court gained final say over interpretation of constitution (JUDICIAL REVIEW)
period 4 big idea 2: as federal power grew, regional interests often conflicted with and opposed it
- war of 1812: fought because britain wanted americans to fight in the british navy
- signification opposition from NE federalists, met at the hartford convention and decided NE should sucede
- the rest of the coutry liked the war and decided the federalists didn’t know anything about america so the federalist party died
- Henry Clay’s American System: goal was to unify american economy
- federally funded internal improvements, protective tariffs, second bank of america
- itensely opposed by south so madison vetoed some provisions because he was from the south and didn’t want them to be too disadvantaged
- missouri applied to be a state and one congressman attached a requirement that it be a free state
- increased sectionalism bc the most importnt thing was the balance between free and slave states
- led to the missouri compromise: missouri would be slave but everything below southern border would be slave and everything above would be free
- maine was added as a state as well
period 4 big idea 3: the US sought to establish its place as an independent nation on the world stage by claiming territory and consolodating control over the western hemisphere
- canadian border established
- joint ownership of oregon between britain and US, spain gave up florida
- monroe doctrine: established western hemisphere as US sphere of influence, europe could not intervene
period 4 big idea 4: the market revolution was the linking of northern industry with western and southern farms, created by advances in technology and had significant effects on society
- cotton gin, factory textiles, interchangable parts in factories, like the assembly line
- mass production and mass consumption
- steam engines went in boats so they could go both ways on rivers
- government passed legislation that aided development of quicker and easuer transportation
- like with canals, fostered regional interdependence for trade
- many immigrants, most settled on east coast
- urban immigrants filled factory jobs and lived in very unsanitary hastily put together buildings
- created ethnic enclaves so they were able to continue cultural traditions
- growing middle class, first starting in the north, doctors, lawyers
- women: cult of domesticity, had to have kids and raise them, provide good home life
period 4 big idea 5: the demand for expanding democracy manifested itself in universal white male suffrage and the growing influence of political parties
- panic of 1819: economic crisis, irresponsible banking practice partly by politicians
- those hit the hardest were laboring men but they didn’t own land so they couldn’t hold their politicians responsible for the crisis
- calls for white male suffrage, most states did it before 1825
- election of 1824: one major party but there was a division in the democratic republicans
- national republicans, loose conservationalists, kind of federalist, became the whigs later on
- democrats, strict constitutionalists
period 4 big idea 6: president andrew jackson made profound use of federal power on issues like the national bank, tariffs, federally funded internal improvements, and the forcible removal of the indians
- whigs (henry clay) and democrats (andrew jackson)
- many conflicts between the parties, three main ones
- tariff of abomination: raised import taxes quite a bit, supportive by the north because it protects american industry. southerns hated it because they rely on imports as agricultural workers. jackson’s VP told south carolina to nullify the tariff (kentucky and virgina resolution). jackson got congress to pass the force bill, gave him federal authority to send troops to south carolina to enforce the law
- bank war: andrew jackson thought national bank benefitted the wealthy more than the poor so he vetoed the recharter of it. the federalists and whigs loved that bank
- indian removal act of 1830: they were removed from lands in the east and sent to reservations across mississippi river bc he didn’t think america would ever settle over there. some had to be forcibly removed, trail of tears
period 4 big idea 7: americans labored during this period to define a distinct american identity through language, philosophy, art, and religion
- transcendentalism: power/beauty of nature, natural created order, many feelings with little thought
- hudson river school: painted romanticised versions of land in ny and western territories
- second great awakening: moral reformation of society, preached in the wilderness - charles phinney, brought it to the cities
period 4 big idea 8: the rise of democratic and individualistic beliefs and the social changes brought on by the market revolution led to a significant effort to reform american society
- temperance movement: american temoerance society, complete abstinence from alcohol, believed it caused many problems in society
- abolitionism: william lloyd garrison, anti-slavery, american anti-slavery society, achieved emancipation in the north. south was not a fan, black southerners took up the abolitionist movement, caused white plantation owners to be scared of further revolt (nat turner’s rebellion). maintained parts of identity and culture
- women’s rights: seneca falls convention, 1848, equality, suffrage, education
period 4 big idea 9: though the majority of southern white people did not own ensalved people, southern culture ensured that the institution of slavery was part of the southern way of life
- mostly independent land owners that did not need slaves
- still believed in institution of slavery and the racial codes that justified it
- many southerners began to move west
period 5 big idea 1: many americans believed it was their manifest destiny to expand their nation over the whole of the north amerian continent
- manifest destiny: americans had a god given right to control all land in north america, provided land for religious refuge, settlers could go west, thought american institutions were better so they deserved to expand
- preemption acts: made land accessible and cheap to anyone who moved there
- gold rush: huge migrations
- southerners: needed better land for agriculture so they moved west
period 5 big idea 2: the mexican american war was caused by the annexation of texas and resulted in large territorial gains for the united states
- texas: belonged to mexico but american settlers had been going there, slavery was illegal and required catholocism, texans revolted and became an independent nation. eventually wanted to become a state but mexico told US to not do it because it would lead to war. texas was annexed and there was a dispute over the southern border so there was a war. there was a provision to some congress bill saying that all territory gained from mexican american war would be free states which ended up creating a ton of conflict and was struck down. ended with treaty of guadalupe-hidalgo - established southern border as rio grande, also included mexican cession (they gave up new mexico, arizona, california)
period 5 big idea 3: further aquisition of land led to an increasingly bitter debate over the future of slavery in america, which was temporarily resolved in the compromise of 1850
- different opinions regarding what to do with the territories from the mexican cession
- south: slavery is a constitutional right so the land below the missouri compromise line should be slave states
- free soil position: northern democrats/whigs, all territory should be free
- popular sovereignty: let the people living there decide
- cali and new mexico wanted to be free states so the southern states began to threaten sucession
- solution was the compromise of 1850
- divided mexican cession territory into a few groups, they could decide for themselves
- cali wanted to enter as a free state
- slavery outlawed in DC
- stricter fugitive slave law, very much enforced - lots of contention, most northerners didn’t want to think abt slavery but now they were responsible for returning futgitive slaves and could be punished for not doing so
period 5 big idea 4: as more immigrants arrived in america, they created ethnic enclaves where they preserved their culutre and faced opposition from nativists
- most immigrants were irish (urban centers) and german (went west)
- able to keep culuture and language because they found eachother
- nativists backlash: preserving original lanuage and culutre and protecting country from immigrants
- mainly an anti-catholic movement because most irish immigrants were catholic
- know nothing party came out of nativists, built on anti immigration platform
period 5 big idea 5: tension over slavery increased because of conflicting regional ideaologies, an abolitionist movement in the north, and arguments regarding the contitutionality of slavery
- different labor ideologies: north manufacturing, paid labor, many didn’t object to slavery as immoral, but as slave labor expanded it would undermine their ability to work for wages
- free soil movement: expansion of slavery was incompatible with paid labor system
- underground railroad: series of trails/safe houses helped ppl escape to the north
- uncle tom’s cabin changed opinion of many because it made slavery appear very brutal
- south’s main argument was that the constitution didn’t mention slavery and anything not explicitly in the constitution was a power of the states
period 5 big idea 6: all attempts to compromise over slavery ultimately failed, which led to the rise of sectinoal political parties
- kansas nebraska act of 1854: nebraska territory was divided in two and it was decided that both would have popular sovereignty but they were both above the line from the missouri compromise, once again raised the issue of free v slave states and the missouri compromise was overturned. intense fighting in the territory
- dred scott deicsion 1857: essentially made slavery legal in any state in the union
- john brown wanted to raid an arsenal and arm slaves then set them free and he didn’t make it
- southern democrats vs northern repullicans (containment of slavery)
period 5 big idea 7: the election of abraham lincoln in 1860 without a single electoral vote from the south led to the secession of the southern states
- lincoln was very clear that he would not abolish slavery where it existed, but it would be contained which the south didn’t like
- preservation of institution of slavery and protection of states rights as main reasons for secession
period 5 big idea 8: even though the north and the south mobilized their entire societies to fight the civil war, the north won because of advantages in population/industry, the leadership of lincoln, and the strategy of cutting off the south from aid
- south doing well at beginning, but north had greater population so more fighters, manufacturing was on their side, and they had lincoln
- emancipation proclimation: more of a military tactic, freed slaves in southern states, changed war to a war to abolish slavery
- no one would help south once it became about slavery
- north basically trashed the south’s infrstructure
period 5 big idea 9: after the civil war, america entered a period of reconstruction which abolished slavery, amended the consitution significantly, and sought to reunify the north and south
- 13/14/15: no slavery, citizenship and equal protection of law, voting rights
- federal troops remained in the south to enforce recontruction laws
- lincoln was very lenient but wasn’t able to implement that plan
- johnson and radical republicans from congress wanted to punish the south, republican heavy congress that was not very kind
period 5 big idea 10: reconstruction ultimately failed because of northern weariness of forcing southerners into submission and southern insistence on maintaining their pre-civil war society
- southerners began sharecropping: made unfair contracts and hired former slaves, essentially a new form of slavery
- KKK terrorized black southerners into submission
- black codes: couldn’t have money or own land
- plessey v ferguson 1896: segregation was legalized, ‘separate but equal’ - it was never actually equal
- north got tired
- election of 1876 (contested) led to compromise of 1877: republican rutherford b hayes could be president as long as the federal troops were removed from the south
- no one was enforcing reconstruction laws or anti discrimination laws
period 6 big idea 1: continued westward migration and the advent of transcontinental railroad systems helped unify the nation’s economy, in favor of industrialists and at the expense of farmers
- railroads created a truly national market for goods and people who manufactured were encouraged to mass produce, people were eoncouraged to mass consume
- government offered great land grants to railroad companies
- created truly interdependent economies for north and west
- railroads were both good and bad for farmers
- good: national market for crops
- bad: railroad monopolies charged crazy prices
- national grange movement: tried to protect themselves from railroad monopolies, got a win int eh interstate commerce act of 1876
- railraod prices must be reasonable and just, but govt couldn’t fix specific prices
- small farmers were folding because there was big mecahnization of farming, larger agricultural businesses could outproduce and buy small farmers
period 6 big idea 2: americans moved westward for a variety of reasons: economic opportunity and self sufficiency but the continued push west led to bitter conflicts with indians
- easier to move west
- homestead act: land grants to people who wanted to settle a piece of land, was much cheaper
- solution to ‘indian problem’ was reservations, but none of the indians liked that because for some it went against their way of living
- sioux wars: violent resistance against americans in the west
- congress passed indian appropriation act which nullified all previous treaties and took away native american sovereignty, led to war with sioux
- assimilation movement (dawes act) wanted indians to blend in with americans and abandon their culture, broke up tribal organizations, gave them us citizenship if they would assimilate
period 6 big idea 3: despite significant efforts to create a ‘new south,’ the souther states entrenched themselves in racial segregation and a continuing adherence to agriculture
- continued racial hierarchy
- jim crow laws, segregated everything in the south
- no one was there to protect them, more violence
- hard to keep gains made during reconstruction
- ida b wells: newspapaer editor in the south, wrote about lynchings and spoke out against jim crow laws - had to move to north to protect herself
period 6 big idea 4: technological innovation created the occasion for the rise and expansion of industrial capitalism
- westward expansion - industrialists greater access to natural resources
- bessemer process: steel made stronger/higher quality and the entire manufacturing industry was basically based in steel at that point
period 6 big idea 5: large scale industrial production transformed the america economy during the gilded age
- goal to be as big as possible (a monopoly/trust)
- carnegie: vertical integration, acquired all industries required for manufacturing
- rockefeller: horizontal integration, buy out all competitors
- feirce anti regulation sentiment in government
- got involved in labor disputes and took the side of the companies
- social darwinism: survival of the fittest in business
- gospel of wealth: rich have moral obligation to better society with their money
period 6 big idea 6: while some american’s standard of living improved, many in the labor sector found their lives unsustainable and fought for better treatment
- middle class was gaining in strength
- needed middle management - white collar work
- rise of labor unions: wanted better treatment and pay because of dangerous conditions
- knights of labor: main union but declined after haymarket suqare incident
- american federation of labor
- both wanted better wages, shorter workday, safer working conditions
period 6 big idea 7: the industrial workforce expanded and became more diverse thrugh internal and international migration
- migration: people within are moving around
- many immigrants, china, germany, ireland, scandanavia
- many settled in urban areas and created ethnic enclaves
- exoduster movement: mass migration of black people in the south to the midwest, treid to establish homesteads
period 6 big idea 8: as immigration increased during the gilded age, immigratns faced opposition from nativists and labor unions, but found help through private welfare programs like settlement houses
- labor unions didn’t like immigrants because they would work for very cheap so there was no room for strikes
- american protective association and chinese exclusion acts (1882)
- social darwinism: believed irish immigratns would degrade the country
- jane aadams: established houses to help immigrants assimilate into society
period 6 big idea 9: various groups sought to reform american society and economics into a more equitable reality
- social gospel: christains who thought religion should be applied to society, wanted middle class to solve urban poverty
- increase want for socialism because of the grave financial harships
- eugene v debbs: founded american socialist party and frequently rn for president
- populaist party; mainly famrers, correct concentration of enconomic, direct election of senators, referendum, initiative, coinage of silver
- big push for women’s suffrage and had involvement in temperance
period 6 big idea 10: politics in the gilded age continued to resemble party divisions lingering from the civil war and they contended on the proper place of government in american life
- democrats and republicans
- large amounts of corruption and they were mostly indifferent
- political patronage: spoil system, corrected in pendleton act of 1881
- gold standard: government wouldn’t print more paper money than could be backed by gold
- farmers wanted silver and more paper money
- tariffs, still high, only north liked them
- urban political machines: basically community organizers that would only help if people voted for them
period 1 big idea 1: Native American populations in the Americas were diverse peoples with differing ways of life shaped by the environment in which they lived
- coastal regions in pacific north west: permanent settlements/villages, small game, fish, regional trade networks
- great basin region: nomadic, hunter gatherers, large tracts of land to hunt buffalo, move around based on buffalo, famrers (pueblo)
- mississippi river valley: farmers because of rich soil, trade up and down mississippi river, some had crnetalized governments
- north east: farmers, long houses, communal living, timber
period 1 big idea 2: europeans came to americas for various reasons
- political unification in europe, growing upper class that wanted goods from asia but couldn’t rade on own terms so they wanted their own coean based trade
- new maritime technology: astronomical charts, new sials, easier to travel by sea
- spain: wanted to sail west for new access to asian markets, reconquista of iberian peninsula, movitatevd to spread christianity
- found wealth in americas, led to fierce competition in americas
period 1 big idea 3: the colombian exchange resulted in massive changes in europe and the americas
- transfer of people, animals, plants, diseases, ideas from new world to old world
- greatly altered economy and society
- potatos and corn went to europe, wheat and rice came to americas
- made healthier diets and lived longer
- cattle came to americas
- small pox came to americas and wiped out basically all natives
- gold came to europe from americas, changed europe to capitalism, joint stock companies on the rise,
