Exam questions - long answer

Question 1

Name six cancer classifications

Answer 1

• Carcinoma: Malignant neoplasm of epithelial tissue - Squamous cell carcinoma
• Sarcoma: Originates in supportive and connective tissue - Osteosarcoma
• Myeloma: originates in the plasma of bone marrow
• Leukemia: Cancer of the bone marrow, associated with the overproduction of immature white blood cells - Acute myeloid Leukemia
• Lymphoma: Develops in the glands of the lymphatic system - Hodgkin lymphoma
• Mixed types: Have characteristics that can fall into more than 1 classification: carcinosarcoma.

Question 2

Name the nine steps of Atherosclerosis

Answer 2

1) Endothelium of the artery wall is damaged
2) Cholesterol is oxidised triggering an inflammatory response.
3) Monocytes (WBC) enter artery wall (turn into foam cells when trying to digest cholesterol)
4) Foam cells degenerate and release cell contents (forms an atheroma)
5) Calcium salts and fiberous tissue accumulate within the atheroma forming a hard plaque (elasticity of artery wall is reduced, artery lumen is narrowed, blood pressure increases)
6) When the top of the atheroma (the endothelium) ruptures, collagen is exposed
7) Platelets attach to the collagen and forms a plug
8) Fibrin created in the plug forms a mesh over the plug (traps bloods cells forming a clot)
9) Clot can break off and block smaller blood vessels causing (Heart attack, Stroke, Pulmonary embolism, Deep vein thrombosis

Question 3

Evidence based practice is…

Answer 3

The conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of the individual patient. Sackett (1996)

Mention - best evidence, clinical expertise, valves and preferences of patients

Question 4

Key steps of evidence based practise

Answer 4

1) Ask the right question
2) Acquire the evidence
3) Appraised the evidence
4) Act on the evidence
5) Evaluate

Question 5

Steps for a vertical audit

Answer 5

1) Select topic
2) Agree standards of practice
3) Define methodology
4) Data collection
5) Analysis and reporting
6) Make recommendations
7) Implement change
8) Re-audit

Question 6

Epithelial Cell types

Answer 6

Simple cells: one cell thick

• Columular: digestive tract
• Cuboidal: Kidney tubules
• Squamous: Alveoli

Pseudostratified: looks like one layer
- Columular: respiratory tract

Stratified: layered of the same type
Columular: Male urethra
Cuboidal: Mammary glands
Squamous: Found in the mouth

Transitional: can change shape and stretch (found in the bladder)

Question 7

Cycle of male reproduction hormonal control

Answer 7

1) Hypothalamus releases gonadotrophin releasing hormone into the blood stream.
2) binds to gonadotrophin receptors in the anterior pituitary.
3) AP, releases Follicle stimulating hormone and lutenizing hormone which travels through the blood vessel to the testes.
4) FSH activates sertoli cells to facilitate spermatogenesis and releases inhibin. Which inhibits the production of FSH in the anterior pituitary.
5) LH stimulates leydig cells into release testosterone. Testosterone stimulates the sertoli cells and facilitates spermatogenesis. Testosterone also stimulates the Anterior pituitary and hypothalamus, if the level of testosterone released is high the production of GnRH, LH and FSH will decrease. If its low, the production of GnRH, LH and FSH will increase.

FSH and LH are used in males to investigate growth and infertility.

Question 8

Parts of a Glomerus

Answer 8

1) afferent arteriole
2) efferent arteriole
3) mesongial cells
4) Podocytes
4) glomerular capillaries
5) Bowman’s capsule
6) Bowman’s space
7) Prominal tubule

Question 9

Parts of a sperm cell

Answer 9

1) Head - contains acrosome, nucleus
2) Neck - centriole
3) mid-piece - mitochondria
4) tail (flagellum) - axial filiment