Exam Questions

Question 1

Autonomic Dysreflexia

Answer 1

Stimulation of sympathetic NS -> uncompensated CV response
-> Bradycardia
-> profound HT
-> blurred vision
Common causes: bladder distension, bowel impaction, pressure sores

Question 2

Increased ICP on Perfusion

Answer 2

CPP = MABP - ICP

Question 3

Role of Inflammation in MS

Answer 3

T cell mediated immune reponse. CD4+ mT cells react against self myelin antigens and secrete cytokines which then activate microglia and marcophages. Activated mg and mp and their injurious products cause demyelination`

Question 4

Amyloidogenic vs non-amyloidogenic

Answer 4

Amyloidogenic = bad
- beta secratase cleavage -> gamma secratase cleavage –> AB -> aggregate together -> small size allows them to diffuse into synapase -> impair synaptic func
-> dev of plaques -> neurotoxicity
Non-amyloidogenic = good
- alpha secratase cleavage -> gamma secratase cleavage

Question 5

Targeting Tau for AD treatment

Answer 5

• Decrease NFT found in AD
  Approaches:
• tau-kinase inhibitors, tau aggregation inhibs, tau clearance activators
• No approaches successful thus far
• Although potential approach due to large unsuccess rate of targeting amyloid beta

Question 6

ICP treatment

Answer 6

Mannitol

• Osmotheurapeutic agent
• establishes osmotic gradient between plasma and brain paranchyma
• Although: rebound ICP can occur if mannitol gains access to brain

Question 7

Astrocytes: both beneficial and detrimental

Answer 7

Beneficial: mount pro-inflam response and form barrier (glial scar) to prevent spread of toxic environment
Detrimental: this barrier can inhibit axonal growth and regeneration

Question 8

PD Indirect and direct pw

Answer 8

• state what they both do
• Increased inhibition of thalamus and decreased excitation of motor cortex in both pws
• therefore, increased acrtivity of indirect, decreased activity of direct
  = decreased motor output

Question 9

Cortical Spreading Depression

Answer 9

A wave of intense electrical activity that spreads across the surface of the brain. After it passes, it leaves an area of exhausted nerve cells with depressed electrical activity and depleted mitochondria.

Question 10

What is the most likely immediate cause of motoneuronal cell death?

Answer 10

proximal nerve injury

Question 11

Neuropraxia

Answer 11

• Blocked nerve conduction
• Transient block of nerve impulses; rapid recovery
• Cold ischaemia, torniquet

Question 12

Axonotmesis

Answer 12

• axon and myeline sheath interrupted BUT endoneurium/nerve sheath still intact
• axon transmission interrupted
• nerve crush, stretch injury

Question 13

Neurotmesis

Answer 13

• Axon and nerve sheath interrupted
• Long term partial/complete loss of motor/sensory
• Nerve transection

Question 14

1 herniation

Answer 14

• Subfalcine/cingulate

- cingulate gyrus pushed underneath falx cerebri

Question 15

2 herniation

Answer 15

• uncal/transtentorial

- innermost part of temporal lobe (uncus) towards tentorium

Question 16

3. herniation

Answer 16

• tonsillar
• downward herniation ‘coning’
• compress BS