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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Give the role that genes play in life processes

A

They control inherited characteristics, e.g. eye colour

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2
Q

Give the function of the alveoli

A

Where gas exchange occurs (CO2 from body + O2 from air)

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3
Q

How does smoking affect how much oxygen is taken into the bloodstream from the lungs during gaseous exchange?

A

There’s less oxygen taken into the bloodstream

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4
Q

Give three harmful effects of smoking on the human breathing system

A
  1. Tar in tobacco smoke irritates + damages lining of bronchioles, this causes the production of too much mucous which can’t be easily cleared. This can lead to bronchitis.
  2. Lung cancer
  3. Damages alveoli
  4. Coughing
  5. Increased risk of lung infections
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5
Q

Distinguish between sensory + motor nerves

A

Sensory nerves carry impulses to the brain + spinal cord, motor nerves carry impulses from the brain + spinal cord to the muscles + glands

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6
Q

Give a reason why cells need energy

A
  • to grow/develop

- to do work/be repaired

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7
Q

Give two examples of the use of biotechnology in industry

A
  • yeast in baking + brewing industry (b + a)

- ‘biological’ washing powders, where the enzymes from bacteria help break down protein-based stains, e.g. blood

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8
Q

Give two examples of the use of biotechnology in medicine

A
  1. Bacteria + fungi used to produce antibiotics

2. Viruses + bacteria used to produce vaccines

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9
Q

How should the food chain be presented?

A

From the bottom up (e.g. grass –> hawk)

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10
Q

What type of consumer is a badger?

A

Omnivore

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11
Q

What is interdependence? Give an example.

A

Where different types of organism depend on one another for survival
- e.g. mouse on plants for food + shelter, plant on mouse for pollination/seed dispersal

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12
Q

What is the function of the lenses on a microscope?

A

To magnify things on the slide for ease of viewing

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13
Q

What is the function of the focus wheel on a microscope?

A

To focus on the object on the slide and make it clearer/sharper

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14
Q

Why is it important to only use a specimen of onion skin that’s one cell thick when viewing it under the microscope?

A
  1. If it was more than one cell thick, you wouldn’t be able to see the cells clearly due to overlapping
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15
Q

Give the parts and functions of a plant cell

A
  1. Cell wall - gives shape + support
  2. Cell membrane - a skin that surrounds + protects the cell + controls things that enter + leave
  3. Cytoplasm - watery substance containing many dissolved substances such as sugars + proteins (+ other structures); where the chemical reactions necessary for life take place
  4. Vacuoles - spaces in the cytoplasm which store things + give support
  5. Chloroplasts - hold chlorophyll, the green colour plants use to make food
  6. Nucleus - the control centre of the cell, which contains the DNA; controls the type of chemicals the cell will make + is involved in how it divides to make more cells
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16
Q

Give two differences between crystalline + non-crystalline solids

A
  • crystalline are geometric/have a regular shape, non-crystalline have a non-regular shape
  • crystalline are sparkly/shiny in appearance, non-crystalline are dull
  • crystalline have high melting + boiling points, non-crystalline have low melting + boiling points
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17
Q

Give two different properties of the element iron compared with the compound iron sulfide

A
  • iron is grey metal, iron sulfide is black solid
  • iron is magnetic, iron sulfide isn’t
  • iron conducts electricity, iron sulfide doesn’t
  • iron is malleable/ductile, iron sulfide isn’t
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18
Q

Name the products of a reaction between potassium + water

A
  1. Potassium hydroxide (KOH)

2. Hydrogen gas (H2)

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19
Q

Why properties of alcohol + water make them suitable for separation using a Liebig condenser?

A

Alcohol has a lower boiling point than water, so they separate as it evaporates first
(70 degrees)

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20
Q

Give the equation for the formation of carbon dioxide, in words + symbols

A

Hydrochloric acid + calcium carbonate = calcium chloride + water + carbon dioxide
HCl + CaCO3 = CaCl + H2O + CO2

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21
Q

Distinguish between a mixture + a compound

A

Mixture - things have been mingled but not chemically combined
Compound - a substance made up of two or more substances which have been chemically combined

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22
Q

Explain the purpose of a (vacuum) pump in this investigation

A

To speed up the investigation as there’s a low concentration of CO2 in the air

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23
Q

Explain why something is a reflection

A
  • the image is back to front

- the water acts like a mirror + the image bounces off it

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24
Q

Name the type of bonding in magnesium oxide (MgO)

A

Ionic

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25
Q

Give one advantage of nuclear power

A
  • lots of energy from small amounts of fuel

- no acidic gases/carbon dioxide produced

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26
Q

Name the process that describes the movement of water inside the tank as it’s heated
Which pipe of hot water tank?

A

Convection

Top

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27
Q

How is work done calculated?

A

force x distance moved

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28
Q

How is power calculated?

A

work done
___________

time taken

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29
Q

What property of electric charge causes the streamers on the generator to stand on end + apart

A

Like charges repel one another

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30
Q

Name two electric conversions that occur when an electric car is in motion

A

Electric –> kinetic

Electric –> sound (radio, engine)

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31
Q

Define centre of gravity

A

The point through which the weight of an object appears to act

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32
Q

Give two design features of a double decker bus that would lower its centre of gravity + make it more stable when turning corners

A
  • wide base (top deck narrower than bottom)
  • large wheels
  • close to ground
  • light upper deck
  • engine close to ground
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33
Q

Why will the bus topple if the rope is removed?

A

The vertical line through the bus’ centre of gravity falls outside its supporting base, making it unstable

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34
Q

Define lever

A

Any rigid body that’s free to turn around a fixed point/axis called a fulcrum

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35
Q

How do you know if a lever is balanced?

A

Calculate the moments acting on it (force x perpendicular distance from fulcrum)

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36
Q

Define Hooke’s law

A

The extension of a string is directly proportional to the force applied to it

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37
Q

What is meant by the elastic limit of a spring?

A

The maximum extent to which it can be stretched without permanent alteration to size/shape

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38
Q

Where does the energy required to stretch a trampoline’s springs come from?

A

The weight/jumping of a person on the trampoline

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39
Q

How is sound produced?

A

Objects vibrating which causes particles in the surrounding medium to vibrate

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40
Q

What is an echo?

A

A sound that’s reflected from a surface

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41
Q

Give an everyday use for an LDR

A
  • to control street lamps
  • burglar alarms
  • automatic security lights
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42
Q

Where would you place an an ohmmeter in a circuit containing an LDR and then an LED to measure resistance?

A

After the LDR but before the LED

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43
Q

Distinguish between excretion + éventions

A

Excretion - the removal of wastes produced by the body cells

Egestion - the removal of indigestes/unused food, e.g. fibre

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44
Q

Name the chemical or reagent used to test for the presence of protein in eggs

A

Copper sulfate + sodium hydroxide

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45
Q

What colour change takes place when an egg shows a positive result when testing for protein?

A

Blue to purple

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46
Q

Give two results that were recorded after two weeks of an experiment to show the effect of gravity on the growth response of plants

A
  • all the shoots grew upwards

- all the roots grew downwards

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47
Q

What advantage do plants get from their roots always growing down and shoots always growing up?

A
  • shoots grow upwards towards light source for photosynthesis
  • roots grow downwards to obtain water + minerals from soil
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48
Q

Name the innermost layer of the eye on the diagram

A

The retina

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49
Q

What a the function of the cornea?

A

A thin layer that’s transparent to light + allows light into the eye

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50
Q

Give the function of the ciliary muscle

A

Contracts to help the lens focus/changes the shape of the lens to help it focus

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51
Q

Give a tests that could be used to identify carbon dioxide

A

Limewater: turns milky white

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52
Q

What are producers?

A

Organisms that make their own food using sunlight (e.g. green plants)

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53
Q

Describe, using a labelled diagram, an experiment to show that starch is produced by a photosynthesising plant

A
  1. Leave plant in dark for two days to de-starch, cover part of one leaf with foil, then leave in light for few hours to photosynthesise
  2. Set up water bath, bring water to boil, drop leaf in for a minute to kill it (after drawing diagram showing where foil was)
  3. Turn off bb, half fill tt with alcohol, remove leaf from water + push into alcohol - stand tt in warm water bath for 10ish mins (warm alcohol removes chlorophyll from leaf, makes easier to see reaction of starch w/ iodine)
  4. Remove leaf w/ forceps (creamy white, brittle), dip into water bath to soften
  5. Spread on white tile, cover in iodine solution
  6. Draw new diagram showing where starch is present, compare to first
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54
Q

Give two properties of a metal which make it suitable for use in a kitchen sink (aluminium in question)

A
  • malleable (can be hammered/pressed into shape)
  • strong
  • shiny when polished
  • hard
  • solid at room temperature
  • high melting point
  • won’t corrode like iron
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55
Q

What is the pH scale?

A

A scale from 0-14 which tells you how acidic/alkaline a substance is

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56
Q

Give the name and formula of a compound of sulfur formed when a sulfur-containing fossil fuel burns in air
Name the acid formed when this sulfur compound dissolves in + reacts with water in the atmosphere

A 
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Sulfuric acid
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57
Q

Name two, what they’re made up of + the uses of all 4

A

Bronze –> tin + copper, statues
Steel –> iron + carbon, the construction of buildings, car bodies, etc.
Brass –> instruments (trumpets, saxophones)
Solder –> joining wires in electrical circuits

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58
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance which can’t be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means

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59
Q

By which name are group two elements known?

A

Alkaline earth metals

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60
Q

What two substances react to form oxygen quickly?

A

Hydrogen peroxide + manganese dioxide

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61
Q

How could a student show they had collected oxygen?

A

It would delight a glowing splint

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62
Q

Write a balanced chemical equation for the preparation of O2 gas in the school lab

A

2H2O2 –MnO2-> O2 + 2H2O

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63
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Two or more different atoms chemically joined together

The smallest part of an Elect or compound that can exist independently

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64
Q

Define a covalent bond

A

A bond that consists of shared electrons

Single bond is one pair, double bond is two

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65
Q

Why is some acid added to the water during electrolysis?

A

To increase its conductivity

66
Q

Describe a test which distinguishes between hard + soft water

A

Shake water with soap flakes
Hard water needs lot to form lather (forms a scum)
Soft water needs small amount to form lather (doesn’t form a scum)

67
Q

In chromatography, why are the ink dots put above the level of liquid in the jar?

A

So the ink dots won’t dissolve in the liquid if they’re solvable

68
Q

What are vernier callipers used for?

A
  • for measuring small thicknesses/lengths

- or measuring diameters (e.g. of pipes)

69
Q

Give two differences between heat + temperature

A
  • heat if a form of energy, temperature is a measure of how hot/cold a body is
  • heat is measure in J, temperature measured in C/F/K
70
Q

Define pressure

A

The force per unit area
Force (n)
__________

Area (m2)

71
Q

What effect does an increase in pressure have on the boiling point of water in the pressure cooker?

A

It increases

72
Q

Identify two methods of heat transfer demonstrated by the experiment with the ice

A
  • convection

- conduction

73
Q

Identify two features of a formula 1 car that make it stable when cornering at high speeds

A
  • large rear spoiler
  • low suspension
  • close to ground
  • low front spoiler
  • engine low to ground
74
Q

What is the unit of density?

What is the formula used to calculate density?

A

G/cm3

Mass/volume

75
Q

Why does a stone sink in some water?

A

It’s more dense than the water

76
Q

What happens to a compass when a switch is closed in a circuit beside it?

A

The needle of it is turned around/deflected

77
Q

What conclusion can be drawn from the compass/circuit experiment?

A

Electric currents generate magnetic fields around their circuits

78
Q

Name two effects of an electric current and an everyday application of each

A
  1. Heating effect –> electric fires, iron, hair dryer

2. Chemical effect –> electrolysis, electroplating

79
Q

What is the function of a prism in an experiment to investigate the dispersion of light?

A
  1. To split the white light into the visible spectrum
80
Q

What is the unit of acceleration? How is it calculated?

A

Metres/second/second//m/s2

Speed/time

81
Q

Name the wires in a 3-pin plug and the colour of each

A

Neutral - blue
Earth - yellow + green
Live - brown

82
Q

How does the fuse in a 3-pin plug work for our protection?

A

If the circuit overheats due to too much current flowing, the fuse will melt safely in its casing + break the circuit, thus preventing a fire

83
Q

Give one method of varying the brightness of light falling on an LDR

A
  • use different strength bulbs/light sources

- put black plastic bag over, gently pull back

84
Q

What will happen to an LED in a circuit when the LDR covered with black plastic?

A

It’ll turn off

85
Q

What will happen to the LED in the circuit when the LDR is exposed to bright light

A

It’ll turn on

86
Q

Give two functions of human skin

A
  • temperature regulation
  • excretion
  • protection
  • it’s a sensory organ
87
Q

Give the function of a motor nerve

A

Carries impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles (and glands)

88
Q

Give the function of a sensory nerve

A

Carries impulses to the brain and spinal cord from the senses/skin/eyes

89
Q

Give the role of the rings of cartilage around the trachea

A
  • to keep the trachea/airways open

- to support/strengthen the trachea

90
Q

Name the parts of the stamen

A
  • filaments + anther
91
Q

Give the role of the anther in the sexual reproduction of plants

A

To produce the male gamete

92
Q

Give one harmful effect of fungi

A

Cause food spoilage, e.g. bread to go mouldy

93
Q

Give on beneficial effect of fungi

A

Used in producing antibiotics

94
Q

Give one example of adaption

A

Sparrow hawks have large feet with sharp talons for catching prey

95
Q

Explain why plants b + c are genetically identical

A

B is the sole parent of C

96
Q

Explain why asexual reproduction may be advantageous to offspring

A

They keep the advantageous traits of their parent, as they’re genetically identical to them

97
Q

Why are dead peas used in flask b?

A

As a control to show that only living things should respire + produce heat energy

98
Q

Explain why thermos flasks were used in the experiment

A

To prevent heat gain/loss, which would give inaccurate results

99
Q

What structural feature of the heart allows you to distinguish the right side from the left

A

The wall/muscle of the left ventricle is larger

100
Q

Describe a fused joint

A

Does allow the bones to move in relation to one another (fixed)

101
Q

Name the type of joint found in the human skull

A

Fused

102
Q

Describe the composition of blood entering the kidneys

A

Waste rich, oxygenated

103
Q

Describe the composition of blood leaving the kidneys

A

Has wastes removed, deoxygenated

104
Q

Why does the flame of a Bunsen burner turn blue when the air hole is opened?

A

More gas is burned/the flame is fuelled by more oxygen

105
Q

Describe two safety procedures you’d take when smelling an unknown substance in a test tube in a school lab

A
  • don’t put your nose in directly
  • waft hand to raise odour to nose
  • wear safety glasses/lab coat
106
Q

What is the method of separation using a Liebig condenser called?

A

Distillation

107
Q

Give two physical properties of alkali metals

A
  • easy to cut with knife (soft)
  • shiny when cut
  • good conductors
108
Q

Give the formula of a common base

A
  • NaOH (sodium hydroxide)

- CaCO3 (calcium carbonate)

109
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound consisting of hydrogen + carbon atoms only

110
Q

Name two products produced (other than heat) during the combustion of a hydrocarbon

A
  • water vapour

- carbon dioxide gas

111
Q

When carbon dioxide is produced what you you expect the ph reading of a meter measuring it to do?

A

Decrease

112
Q

What test can you carry out to ensure that gas collected is carbon dioxide?

A

Bubble it through lime water - it goes from colourless to milky

113
Q

Why was a pipette used?

A

To ensure an accurate volume each time

114
Q

What conclusion can be drawn about the deionised water?

A
  • its soft water

- it’s not hard water

115
Q

Give a reason why steps two and three were repeated

A
  • to ensure the results were accurate
  • to reduce errors
  • to obtain an average
116
Q

Why did the mass of a flask being used for the preparation of oxygen in a lab decrease during the experiment?

A
  • oxygen gas is being released

- hydrogen peroxide is being used up

117
Q

Explain the difference between an atom and a molecule

A
  • an atom is the smallest particle of an element which still retains the properties of that element
  • a molecule is a group of atoms joined together chemically, and the smallest part of an element/compound that can exist independently
118
Q

List two properties of ionic compounds

A
  • conduct electricity when melted/dissolves in water
  • usually solid at room temperature
  • usually have high melting + blinking points
  • usually solvable in water
119
Q

What type of change is involved in rusting?

A

Chemical change

120
Q

Explain why painting is an effective method of preventing rusting of iron

A
  • it stops the chemical reaction between iron + oxygen + water
121
Q

Name the mode of heat transfer that occurs if a sunshield is not placed in a car window

A

Radiation

122
Q

How does using a sunshield prevent radiation?

A

It will reflect the heat away from the glass

123
Q

State two features of the design of a bus that prevent it from toppling when it goes around a sharp corner

A
  • wide base (wheels)

- low centre of gravity

124
Q

Would an anti-static strip reduce static build up on the body of a car?
Why?

A

Yes

It would earth the static electricity, meaning electrons would move off the car into the ground

125
Q

Define velocity (6)

A

Speed/distance travelled in unit time in a given direction

126
Q

What is radiation?

A

The rapid transfer of heat from a hot object without needing a medium (e.g. heat from the sun, as space is empty)

127
Q

Give two weather conditions you’d expect for Ireland during an anticyclone?

A
  • dry/no rain
  • sunny/no wind
  • no cloud/clear skies
128
Q

Why is the image produced by reflection? (Trees on a lake)

A

The water is a smooth, flat, reflective surface that acts like a mirror

129
Q

Identify component X ( rectangle with diagonal arrow through it)

A

A variable resistor (rheostat)

130
Q

Define the moment of a force

A

The measure of the turning effect of the force

Force x perpendicular distance from the fulcrum

131
Q

Would a person use a longer or shorter spanner to loosen some wheel nuts?
Why?

A

Longer one
The distance from the applied force to the fulcrum is greater, so the turning effect of the force applied by the person is increased

132
Q

Give the unit of a moment

A

N cm

133
Q

What two pieces of information can be drawn from the graph (just a friction vs. weight graph) about the relationship between the weight added on the block and the force of friction?

A
  • the force of friction increases with weight

- the increase in the force of friction is proportional (to the increase in weight added to the block)

134
Q

Define density

A

Mass per unit volume of a substance

Mass/volume

135
Q

Give the unit of density

A

G/cm3

136
Q

Describe an experiment to show the magnetic effect of a current

A
  1. Allow compass needle to come to rest in normal direction
  2. Hold straight wire parallel to compass needle
  3. Connect wire in circuit to battery + switch
  4. Close the switch for a few second, observe what happens
  5. The compass needle is deflected by the wire/moves perpendicular to the wire - this is because the current in the wire has produced a magnetic field
137
Q

Name the blood vessel that brings waste-filled blood into the kidneys

A

The renal artery

138
Q

What is maltase?

What is maltose?

A

An enzyme

The product of the enzyme amylase acting on the substrate starch

139
Q

Identify a possible control that could be used in an experiment to test for starch in some food samples (spotting tile)

A
  • deionised water

- sample containing starch (e.g. pasta)

140
Q

Describe the events that follow pollination

A
  1. tube grows out of pollen grain
  2. Tube grows down to the ovary + enter it
  3. Male zygote passes from the pollen tube into the ovule, which contains the egg cell, and they fuse
  4. Single cell called zygote formed
  5. Zygote then develops into new plant
141
Q

Identify two feature that could influence the frequency of buttercups in a field

A
  • light intensity
  • soil pH
  • soil moisture
  • soil nutrients
  • competition from other plants
142
Q

Name two variables which were kept constant in burning food, warming water, energy content of food experiment

A
  • mass of food used was same each time
  • mass of water used was same each time
  • experiment carried out until food burned out each time
143
Q

How is the energy content of food displayed differently on food labels to how it’s shown in the above table?

A
  • on food labels energy content of food is per 100g, above its given per g
144
Q

What type of muscle is the heart made from?

A

Cardiac muscle (never gets tired)

145
Q

State two reasons animals rely on photosynthesis for survival

A
  • for energy (food)

- for oxygen

146
Q

Give two physical properties of alkali metals

A
  • easy to cut through with knife (soft)
  • shiny when cut
  • good conductors
  • low densities (float in water)
  • low melting points compared with other metals
147
Q

If given a beaker of dilute copper sulfate solution and a Bunsen burner, how could one make the solution more concentrated?

A
  • evaporate some water from the solution
148
Q

What is a saturated solution?

A

A solution which contains the maximum amount of solute possible to dissolve in a solvent at a certain temperature

149
Q

What is the unit of mass used for atoms?

A

Atomic Mass Unit(s)

A.M.U.

150
Q

Give two properties of copper that make it ideal for this use

A
  • conducts electricity well

- ductile (can be stretched + made into wires)

151
Q

What are the technical names given to the substances after filtration

A

The filtrate + the residue

152
Q

State the name of the following strong acid: H2SO4

A

Sulfuric acid

153
Q

Define the term isotope

A

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

154
Q

What are the two rods poking up into the tubes during electrolysis called?

A

Electrodes (anode + cathode) (platinum/carbon)

155
Q

What is formed when magnesium is burned in oxygen? What does it look like?

A

A white powder called magnesium oxide

156
Q

How could one confirm that magnesium oxide is a basic oxide?

A
  • red litmus turns blue

- blue change confirms it’s a base

157
Q

How is water vapour collected as liquid in an investigation into the products of combustion of a hydrocarbon?

A
  • condensation as it passes through the u-tube (surround by ice + water)
158
Q

Identify the black deposit on something above a Bunsen burner burning a hydrocarbon

A
  • carbon/soot
159
Q

List magnesium, zinc, copper + calcium in order of increasing reactivity (1. = least)

A
  1. Copper
  2. Zinc
  3. Magnesium
  4. Calcium
160
Q

What is biotechnology?

A

The use of living things/parts of living things to produce useful products

science (my) (4 decks)

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