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Exam Questions Flashcards

1
Q

A malignant tumor may spread to distant parts of the body through local invasion, true or false?

A

False

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2
Q

Sedating a patient for his or her treatment without a doctor’s order is an example of:

A

False imprisonment

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3
Q

Harmful touching of another person is

A

Battery

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4
Q

At least how much bone marrow must be within a radiation treatment field for bone marrow depression to occur?

A

25%

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5
Q

Can an animal be considered a vector?

A

Yes

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6
Q

a vector is:

A

a living organism that can transmit an infectious agent

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7
Q

What is the most common type of nosocomial infection?

A

Bladder infection

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8
Q

Which of the following is not a reservoir of infection: Patient, healthcare worker, protozoa, water?

A

Protozoa

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9
Q

What is needed for indirect contact to occur? 1. Vector 2. Vehicle 3. Droplets 4. Fomites

A

1,2,3,&4

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10
Q

Influenza spreads mainly through which method of transmission?

A

Droplet

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11
Q

Tuberculosis is transmitted through which method?

A

Airborne

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12
Q

Severe reaction to anaphylactic shock

A

Cardiac arrest

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13
Q

Which of the following are NOT sterile areas in a surgical room? From the waist down, the waist up, persons front, persons back

A

Waist down, persons back

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14
Q

What PPE should be put on first?

A

Gown

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15
Q

What PPE should be put on last

A

Gloves

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16
Q

What PPE should be removed first

A

Gloves

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17
Q

What PPE should be removed last

A

Mask

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18
Q

Tumor marker test for testicular cancers

A

HCG

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19
Q

What is an example of a vector? Contaminated table or a fly

A

A fly

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20
Q

What is an example of a fomite?

A

Contaminated eye shield

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21
Q

Stage of an ARS when patient experiences nausea and vomiting

A

Prodromal

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22
Q

Stage of an ARS when the patient experiences no symptoms is

A

Latent

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23
Q

First link in the chain of infection

A

Infectious agent

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24
Q

1 Gray is equal to how many Sievert

A

1

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25
Q

Interaction that occurs when an incoming electron is slowed and changes direction near the nucleus is known as:

A

Bremsstrahlung

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26
Q

Maximum allowed cumulative exposure to a 30-year-old radiation therapist

A

30 rem

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27
Q

Interaction that occurs between photon and atomic nucleus

A

Pair production

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28
Q

Measurement of ionization in air is referred to as:

A

exposure

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29
Q

Picket fence tests

A

MLC’s

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30
Q

Pancreatic tumor most commonly arise in the

A

Head

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31
Q

Geiger Muler Detector is most likely to be used for:

A

Radiation Contamination

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32
Q

Max dose to lens of eye to someone who does NOT work in radiation oncology

A

1.5 rem

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33
Q

Maximum annual dose permitted to the hands of a physicist who handles radioactive materials

A

500 mSv

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34
Q

Pharynx from sup to inf:

A

Naso, Oro, Hypo

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35
Q

common site for lung cancer mets

A

bone, brain

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36
Q

one of the most radiosensitive organs

A

lung

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37
Q

Mayneord F Factor is a correction for which of the following

A

Distance

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38
Q

Spinal cord ends at

A

L2

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39
Q

Most common location for distant mets of sarcomas

A

Lung

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40
Q

Most aggressive skin cancer

A

Melanoma

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41
Q

Find therapeutic range of electrons, divide the energy by

A

4.0

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42
Q

PDD has a direct relationship with 1. Energy 2. Depth 3. Field Size 4. SSD

A

1, 3. & 4

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43
Q

Most radioresistant cell cycle phase

A

S

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44
Q

Most radiosensitive cell cycle phase

A

M

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45
Q

TD 5/5 for Whole Brain

A

4500 cGy

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46
Q

In relation to the glottis, the false vocal cords are located:

A

Superior

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47
Q

Depth of dose equilibrium is most dependent on

A

Beam energy

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48
Q

Photon interaction most likely to occur during kV imaging

A

Photoelectric effect

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49
Q

Where are the adenoids located

A

Nasopharynx

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50
Q

Tonsillar lymph nodes surrounding the naso and oropharynx are known as:

A

Waldeyers ring

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51
Q

Most radioresistant structure when irradiation entire organ

A

Small Intestine

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52
Q

Tolerance dose when irradiating the whole kidney

A

2300 cGy

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53
Q

Which lung cancer has higher incidence of met spread?

A

small cell

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54
Q

Material used for OSL’s

A

Aluminum oxide

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55
Q

Treatment volume that encompasses the tumor and microscopic disease

A

CTV

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56
Q

Which isodose curve is used to define the physical radiation field for a 15 MV beam

A

50%

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57
Q

X-ray interaction in which the photons energy is completed absorbed is

A

Photoelectric

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58
Q

Predominant photon interaction during port imaging

A

Compton Scattering

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59
Q

To preserve skin sparing properties of the MV photon beams, the compensator must be placed at least _____ from the skin

A

15-20 cm

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60
Q

Cerrobend has a lower melting point than lead

A

True

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61
Q

Cerrobend blocks are thicker than lead

A

True

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62
Q

Allowable transmission of lead and cerrobend is

A

<5%

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63
Q

Palpable or visible extent of the tumor is referred to as:

A

Gross Tumor Volume

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64
Q

Procedure that removes skin cancers one layer at a time is called:

A

Moh’s Surgery

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65
Q

Back scatter has a direct relationship with:

A

Field size

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66
Q

Correct definition of an excisional biopsy

A

Removal of the entire tumor

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67
Q

If a partial arc is utilized for a tx and the tumor is located 8 cm below skin surface, where should the beam be aimed?

A

Distal to the tumor

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68
Q

The probability of bremsstrahlung production:

A

Increases with atomic number

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69
Q

What is the tolerance for the daily check of linac output constancy?

A

3%

70
Q

Which of the following photon beam energies have the most desirable skin-sparing effect?

A

25 MV

71
Q

A Sievert (Sv) is ___?

A

The SI unit of dose equivalent

72
Q

If the planned distance is 100 cm but the ODI on the patient reads 101.5 cm, what is the error?

A

An underdose of 3% - use D2/D1^2

73
Q

Which of the following basic methods of protection is the most efficient way to increase protection from radiation?

A

Distance

74
Q

Radiation therapist control room is considered a:

A

Restricted Area

75
Q

Employees must be monitored for radiation exposure when they are expected to receive more than _____ of the effective dose equivalent.

A

10%

76
Q

The spectrum of different shades of gray or contrast on a CT image is:

A

Window width

77
Q

The average or median of all the shades of gray on a CT image is:

A

Window level

78
Q

Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons are called:

A

Isotope

79
Q

Atoms with the same number of neutrons but different number of protons are called:

A

Isotone

80
Q

The brachytherapy application method in which the radioactive source is placed within a body tube is:

A

Interluminal

81
Q

The power source for the waveguide is:

A

Modulator

82
Q

The part of the linear accelerator that amplifies microwaves is:

A

Klystron

83
Q

The source of electrons in a linear accelerator:

A

Electron gun

84
Q

Frequency and wavelength is inversely proportional.

A

True

85
Q

Which of the following has the highest quality factor?

A

Alpha Particles

86
Q

OER in human cells is:

A

2.5-3

87
Q

The point on a dose-response relationship graph that represents the cells capability to repair:

A

Dq

88
Q

The point on a dose-response relationship graph that shows the cells radiosensitivity:

A

Do

89
Q

The radiation unit that expresses the amount of radiation absorbed by a person is:

A

Rem

90
Q

Which radiation instrument is used to check the linac’s beam output daily?

A

Diode

91
Q

Which radiation instrument is used to calibrate ion chambers in a linac?

A

Thimble Chambers

92
Q

What is the main difference between gamma rays and x-rays?

A

Origin

93
Q

Atoms that have the same number of protons, but differ in number of neutrons is referred to as a(an):

A

Isotope

94
Q

Atoms that have the same atomic number and mass, but differ in the energy state is referred to as a(an:

A

Isomer

95
Q

Threatening a patient is an example of:

A

Assault

96
Q

Harmful touching of another person is:

A

Battery

97
Q

Which PPE should be removed last?

A

Mask

98
Q

Which of the following imaging types can be used for image guidance biopsies?

A

US, MRI, CT

99
Q

Which type of contrast media is most commonly used in magnetic resonance imaging?

A

Gadolinium

100
Q

What should be done if a person experiences a seizure in the radiation oncology department?

A

Clear the area around them of any potential hazards

101
Q

What is the appropriate response for a radiation therapist when a patient shows signs of a diabetic reaction?

A

Call for medical assistance

102
Q

What is the recommended rate of chest compressions per minute during CPR?

A

100-120 compressions per minute

103
Q

All of the following can affect absorbed dose EXCEPT:

A

Air temperature

104
Q

When setting up a patient, the PSA malfunctions and the couch vertical continues to rise without the RTT controlling it. The first step is to:

A

Hit emergency off button

105
Q

The useful range in tissue of a 10 MeV electron beam is:

A

5 cm

106
Q

When calculating for shielding for the linear area control room, which is directly monitored by the radiation safety officer, it should be limited to an exposure of:

A

0.1 msV/week

107
Q

For proper body mechanics, the center of gravity at the _______ when standing.

A

Pelvis

108
Q

The most appropriate sign to hang outside of a patient’s hospital room while receiving an LDR treatment is:

A

Caution: Radioactive Materials

109
Q

Vital signs are: 1. Pulse 2. Respirations 3. Temperature 4. Blood Pressure

A

1,2,3,4

110
Q

Which of the following is known to cause pulmonary toxicity?

A

Bleomycin

111
Q

The volume created to include microscopic disease is:

A

CTV

112
Q

What is the SI unit for dose equivalent?

A

Sievert

113
Q

Which of the following defines a Sievert (Sv)

A

The SI unit of dose equivalent

114
Q

The cells ability to repair is represented as _____ on a dose-response relationship graph.

A

Dq

115
Q

What is the therapeutic ratio if the normal tissue tolerance is 10 Gy and the lethal tumor dose is 8 Gy?

A

1.25

116
Q

The most common location for hematogenous spread of the pancreas is:

A

Liver

117
Q

MLCs: 1. High atomic number materials 2. Can move independently 3. Provide conformal shaping 4. Acceptable transmission is 5%

A

1,2,3

118
Q

Which type of radiation has two protons and two neutrons, is released from an unstable heavy nuclei, and has a high LET?

A

Alpha Particles

119
Q

Leukemia in which the stem cells contain the Philadelphia chromosome:

A

CML

120
Q

Cerrobend melting point

A

165 degrees

121
Q

A common staging system used for cancers in the rectum:

A

Dukes

122
Q

The photon interaction with an outer shell electron that does not affect the photon’s energy is:

A

Coherent

123
Q

Tumors in the esophagus typically have histology of:

A

Adeno

124
Q

The machine that operates at an energy range of 150-500 kV is known as:

A

Orthovoltage

125
Q

With the collimator at 0, the Y jaw will represent:

A

Superior & inferior treatment borders

126
Q

X jaw will represent:

A

Lateral tx borders

127
Q

Which type of radiation penetrates the LEAST in human tissue?

A

Alpha

128
Q

Beta Particles have a quality factor of:

A

1

129
Q

Areas that are restricted to 0.02 mSv/week are called:
1. Restricted areas
2. Unrestricted areas
3. Controlled areas
4. Uncontrolled areas

A

2 and 4

130
Q

The major difference between x-rays and gamma rays is:

A

Source

131
Q

The most sensitive critical structure to take into consideration when planning for a lung tumor is:

A

Contralateral lung

132
Q

The hinge angle of parallel opposed fields is:

A

180 degrees

133
Q

A bone marrow transplant from a sibling is known as:

A

Allogenic

134
Q

To create a more homogenous dose distribution when treating with paired fields with a hinge angle less than 180 degrees, we should use a:

A

Wedge, not compensator

135
Q

Decreases skin sparing:
1. Bolus
2. Wedge
3. Compensator
4. Beam spoiler

A

1, 4

136
Q

The main purpose of gaps when treating CSI is to avoid hotspots to this organ at risk:

A

Spinal Cord

137
Q

Aside from collimating jaws, scatter also occurs with:

A

Flattening filter

138
Q

What is the minimum testing frequency for leaf position accuracy?

A

Monthly

139
Q

What is the tolerance for daily photon output constancy?

A

3%

140
Q

What is the dmax for a 9 MeV beam?

A

2.2 cm

141
Q

Which of the following is NOT a phase of CML: Blastic, Chronic, Accelerated, Latent

A

latent

142
Q

After a total dose of 3200 cGy to the parotid, the effect would be:

A

Xerostomia

143
Q

When electrons are used for treatment, what is not being used by the linear accelerator? (choose all that apply)

A

Flattening filter
target

144
Q

The intensity of a radiation beam is 150 cGy/min at a distance of 100 cm. What is the intensity of this beam at 105 cm?

A

Inverse square law: 150/x= (105/100)^2 x=136 cGy/min

145
Q

A ring badge worn by a physicist handling radioactive sources is a type of:

A

TLD

146
Q

What is the maximum dose permitted to the lens of the eye to someone who does NOT work in radiation oncology or radiology?

A

1.5 rem

147
Q

The gantry angle indicator on the linac tolerance is within _____ degrees.

A

1 degree

148
Q

Which of the following is NOT a common site for lung cancer metastasis?

A

pancreas

149
Q

Distant spread of the lungs can occur to the:

A

liver, brain, bones, bone marrow, adrenal glands, and/or kidneys.

150
Q
  1. The oral cavity anatomy includes the:
A

lips, buccal mucosa, teeth, gums, alveolar ridge, anterior or front 2/3 of the tongue, floor of mouth below the tongue, hard palate, and the retromolar trigone.

151
Q

The base of the tongue is located in the:

A

oropharynx

152
Q

Epinephrine is produced by what organ?

A

adrenals

153
Q

The Mayneord’s F factor is a correction for which of the following:

A

Distance

154
Q

The point which the gantry, collimator, and couch rotate around is called:

A

isocenter

155
Q

To find the therapeutic range of electrons, divide the energy by:

A

4.0

156
Q

PDD has a direct relationship with:

A

energy, field size, SSD

157
Q

What is the therapeutic ratio if the lethal tumor dose is 5500cGy and the normal tissue tolerance is 6500 cGy?

A

6500/5500 = 1.18

158
Q

What is the tolerance dose (TD 5/5) for the whole brain defined by Emami et. al.

A

4500 cGY

159
Q

Largest gland in the human body is:

A

Liver

160
Q

In relation to the glottis, the false vocal cords are located:

A

Superior

161
Q

We will be treating an AP/PA spine at midplane. A patient has a separation of 32 cm. What is the field size on the skin surface if the field size measures 6x10cm at 100 SAD?

A

FS1/SSD1 = FS2/SSD2

5x8.4

162
Q

Which type of photon interaction is most likely to occur during kV imaging?

A

Photoelectric Effect

163
Q

A patient was accidentally treated at 90 cm SSD instead of 100 cm. The prescribed dose was 2.5 Gy. What did the patient actually receive?

A

Inverse Square Law
I1/I2 = (D2/D1)^2
x/2.5= (100/90)^2
x=3.09 cGy

164
Q

A treatment of 152 monitor units requires that a blocking tray factor of 0.942 be included in the calculation. What should the monitor units be if the tray is added to the treatment?

A

152/.942

=161 MU

165
Q

Which type of radiation travels the furthest through matter?

A

x-rays

166
Q

The physical radiation field is defined by the:

A

50% isodose line regardless of beam energy.

167
Q

The x-ray interaction in which the photon’s energy is completely absorbed is:

A

Photoelectric

168
Q

Calculate the monitor units to deliver 200 cGy to the 90% isodose line using 12 MeV electrons at 100 SSD & the cutout factor is 0.787

A

MU calculation: 200/(0.9 x 0.787) = 282 MU

169
Q

The predominant photon interaction during portal imaging would be:

A

Compton

170
Q

Which of the following are TRUE about lead & cerrobend?
1. Lead has a lower melting point.
2. Cerrobend has a lower melting point.
3. Lead blocks are thicker.
4. Cerrobend blocks are thicker.
5. Allowable transmission is <0.5%
6. Allowable Transmission is <5%

A

2, 4 , 6

171
Q

Backscatter has a direct relationship with:

A

Field size

Failed Exam Questions (7 decks)

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