Exam questions Flashcards
Factor D protein is a part of the?
Alternate complement activation pathway
This antibody is produced by the adaptive immune system and is secreted in mucous
IgA
What are exotoxins?
Proteins that are secreted by bacteria that cause damage to the host
Which gram stain has a thick cell wall?
Gram positive
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is ___ found in ___
A PAMP, the outer membranes of gram negative bacteria
Which complement protein acts as an opsonin (promotes phagocytosis by macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils?)
C3b
Virulence is…
The measure of the severity of a disease caused by an organism
The process where an activated T or B cell is stimulated to grow and divide
Clonal expansion
_____ antigens acquired through phagocytosis are presented to the adaptive immune system via ____
Exogenous, MHC class II
This protein binds antigen on the surfaces of microorganisms and promotes phagocytosis
IgG antibody
During an inflammatory response _____ activates _____ which results in the release of _____ from mast ells and dilation of capillaries at infection
Kallikrein, Bradykinin, Histamine
______ are adaptive immune cells that recognize cells infected by virus
CD8 T-cells
A vaccine composed of viral proteins linked to a carrier protein which is given intramuscularly every year.
Immunization type and vaccine type
Active immunization, subunit vaccine
What are lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan?
PAMPs that stimulate an innate immune response
In general, ____ are the best immunogens, _____ are weaker immunogens and _____ are poor immunogens
Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids
What is not a mechanism of antibiotic activity?
Inhibition of glucose import
What is a mechanism of antibiotic activity?
Inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis, translation and DNA replication
Transfer of genetic material with cell-cell contact is _______
Conjugation
Transfer of genetic material via bacteriophage is ______
Transduction
Higher phenol coefficient means
It is more effective at killing a bacteria
What does the lymphatic system do
The lymphatic system pumps lymph fluid through a system of vessels and ducts using smooth muscle contraction
What chemicals from invading microorganism cause fever?
Exogenous pyrogens
What is V, D and J recombination referring to?
Antibody gene coding regions are combined to produce antibody that responds to different antigens
The primary function of ______ is to modulate the immune response by secreting cytokines and interacting with B cells
CD4 T-cells
What are traits of T cell receptors?
They bind specific antigens, they interact with antigen-bound MHC II protein, and they are surface proteins of T cells
Is a higher or lower ID50 considered more pathogenic?
A lower ID50
T-dependent antigens are large repetitive structures that
are sufficient to directly activate B cells to make IgM
MHC I proteins….
present cell, viral and intracellular bacterial antigens
Pathogenicity is…
the measure of ability of an organism to cause disease
What type of transmission is characterized by receiving disease from a bug?
Indirect transmission
What does protective antigen of B. anthracis do?
It interacts with edema factor (EF) and lethal factor (LF) allowing both proteins to enter the cytoplasm of cells
Scarlet fever is a complication of _____ and is a result of the production and secretion of ______
Streptococcal pharyngitis, Spe toxin
________ is an intracellular pathogen
Legionella pneumophila, Shigella, Listeria monocytogenes
What does Listeria do to avoid diestion?
It escapes the phagosome
What does legionella do to avoid digestion?
It blocks the lysosome from fusing with the phagosome
Food poisoning due to B.cereus infection is
point source spread
What does the Dot/Icm system in legionella do?
It inhibits the fusion of the phagosome with the lysosome
What is TSST an example of?
A superantigen
What stain does mycobacterium tuberculosis require?
Acid-fast stain
What antibiotic is used for S.pyogenes?
Penicillin
What symptom is caused by Listeria that is not diarrhea, nausea, fever and myalgia?
Miscarriages
Diphtheria toxin:
Inhibits translation
Does tuberculosis have a fast or slow doubling time?
slow
Which cell types are observed in a fibrotic caseous granuloma in latent tuberculosis
macrophages, CD-4 T cells and CD8 T cells
What types of infections can S.aureus cause?
Cutaneous, sinus, ear, and foodborne illnesses
Emetic food poisoning by B.cereus is _____ while diarrheal is _______
Intoxication, infection
Alveolar macrophages
Keep the alveoli of the lung sterile by phagocytosing and destroying bacteria
Can endospores secrete toxin?
No, they need to infect vegetative cells
Tracheal cytotoxin is a virulence factor of ______ that inhibits mucociliary clearance in upper respiratory tract
Bordetella pertussis
______ shows seasonal incidence in the summer
Otitis externa
How does S.pneumoniae avoid immune clearance?
It has a capsule that inhibits complement binding and lysis and phagocytosis
Does S.pyogenes have a vaccine?
No
What is an identifying symptom of diptheria?
White pseudomembrane on nasopharynx
What drugs are used against B. anthracis
Ciprofloxacin or Doxycycline
What is the treatment process for active tuberculosis?
First 8 weeks:
- Isoniazid
- Ethambutol
- Pyrazinamide
- Rifampicin
Next 26 weeks:
- Isoniazid
- Rifampicin
Treatment process for latent tuberculosis?
36 weeks of Isoniazid or 12 weeks of Isoniazid and Rifampentine
Testing for tuberculosis
Mantoux test, chest X-ray and IFNy release test. PCR test, sputum culture with acid fast stain
Which E.coli is intracellular?
Urinary Pathogenic E.coli
______ is an intracellular pathogen that replicates freely in the cytoplasm
Shigella dysenteriae
Can clostridium tetani form endospores?
yes
What is the natural reservoir for N. gonorrheae
Humans
What is a symptom of foodborne botulism?
Flaccid paralysis
Infection by _____ may cause Typhoid fever
Salmonella enterica Typhi
Foodborne botulism is caused by….
food contaminated with botulinum toxin
C. perfringens alpha toxin is a _____ that ____________
cytolytic toxin that damages cell membranes
What is common among all clostridium species?
They all form endospores
What does Shiga toxin do?
Inhibits protein synthesis
Which E.coli expresses Shiga toxin?
EHEC
What is the sylvatic cycle
The cycle of infection of wild rodents by Yersinia pestis
What is not a common characteristic of Enterobacteriaceae
They all ferment lactose
What are common characteristics of enterobacteriaceae
All facultative anaerobes, all gram neg, all rods
During EPEC infections, _____ binds bacterial protein _____ leading to pedestal formation
Tir, Intimin
What happens when S. enterica lacks the SP-2 pathogenicity island?
It cannot replicate intracellularly
What is a test done for C. perfringens?
Nagler reaction
What are common symptoms and TSI slant of Shigella dysenteriae
Stool with blood and pus, tenesmus, K/A.
What toxin does Shigella dysenteriae release?
Shiga toxin
What agar is used for N. gonorrhea?
Thayer-martin or Martin-lewis
What intracellular pathogen modifies the phagosome and establishes a reproductive vacuole
S. enterica
Antibiotics for Yersinia pestis
Streptomycin or gentamycin
