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Bology paper 1 > EXAM QUESTIONS > Flashcards

EXAM QUESTIONS Flashcards

1
Q

Explain why a person with a leaking heart valve has difficulty exercising [4 marks]

A

-blood may flow backwards
-less blood leaves the heart
-harder to provide the working muscles with oxygen
-person will respire anaerobically
-have a build-up of lactic acid

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2
Q

Describe a test that could be used to show that a person’s urine contains glucose [2 marks]
Test?
Positive result?

A

benedict’s test and boil

turn from blue to red

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3
Q

Explain how diabetes can cause the body cells to lose more water [3 marks]

A
  • Higher blood glucose concentration
  • Water moves out of the cells by osmosis
  • Water moves through a partially permeable membrane
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4
Q

Describe how the small intestine is adapted for efficient absorption. [5 marks]

A
  • Villi have thin walls
  • Villi produce a large surface area
  • Efficient blood supply to maintain a concentration gradient
  • Small intestines are very long increasing time for absorption
  • Cells have many mitochondria for aerobic respiration
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5
Q

Define the term double circulatory system [1 mark]

A

blood is pumped to the lungs by the right side of the heart and blood is pumped to the body by the left side of the heart

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6
Q

Explain why having only one ventricle makes the circulatory system less efficient than having two ventricles. [2 marks]

A

Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mixes, so less oxygen reaches the body/tissues/cells

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7
Q

0 7 . 4 Explain why an axolotl may die in water with a low concentration of oxygen. [4 marks]

A
  • Concentration gradient is shallower
  • Will respire anaerobically
  • Less oxygen diffuses into the blood/cells/gills
  • Accumulating a build up of lactic acid
  • Less metabolism
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8
Q

0 7 . 5 Name the type of cell that divides when a new gill grows. [1 mark]

A

Stem cell

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9
Q

Name two conditions that could be treated using regenerated human tissue. [1 mark]

A

Diabetes and paralysis

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10
Q

The pancreas produces digestive enzymes. What is an enzyme? [2 marks]

A

Catalyses/speeds up reaction in living organisms
Is a protein

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11
Q

One symptom of pancreatic cancer is weight loss. Explain how pancreatic cancer may cause a person to lose weight. Do not refer to hormones in your answer. [4 marks]

A
  • Reduced enzyme production
  • Food is not digested fully
  • Less glucose is passed into the blood
  • Less glucose available for respiration so more fat is used up in respiration/metabolism
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12
Q

One symptom of pancreatic cancer is weight loss. Explain how pancreatic cancer may cause a person to lose weight. Do not refer to hormones in your answer. [4 marks]

A
  • Reduced enzyme production
  • Food is not digested fully
  • Less glucose is passed into the blood
  • Less glucose available for respiration so more fat is used up in respiration/metabolism
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13
Q

Give reasons why a placebo and a double-blind trial were used. [2 marks]

A

A placebo – take into psychological effect
A double-blind – avoid bias

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14
Q

A monoclonal antibody has been produced to treat pancreatic cancer. Explain how the monoclonal antibody works to treat pancreatic cancer. [3 marks]

A
  • Monoclonal antibodies is attached to radioactive substance
  • Monoclonal antibody will only attach to the antigen on the cancer cells
  • Radioactive substance will stop them growing
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15
Q

The plant used in this investigation has few stomata on the upper surface of the leaf. Explain why this is an advantage to the plant. [2 marks]

A
  • Less water is lost
  • So it does not wilt
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16
Q

Respiration transfers energy from glucose for muscle contraction. Describe how glucose from the small intestine is moved to a muscle cell. [2 marks]

A
  • Glucose is absorbed by diffusion into the bloodstream
  • The blood delivers glucose to muscles in the capillaries
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17
Q

0 4 . 5 Compare anaerobic respiration in a yeast cell with anaerobic respiration in a muscle cell. [3 marks

A
  • Anaerobic respiration in a yeast cell produces ethanol and anaerobic respiration in muscle cells produces lactic acid
  • Yeast produces co2 but muscles do not
  • Both release small amount of energy
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18
Q

The results show the percentage change in mass of the potato cylinders. Explain why the percentage change results are positive and negative. [3 marks]

A
  • Water moves into the cells
  • Water leaves the cells
  • Via osmosis
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19
Q

Helicobacter pylori(bacteria) can cause stomach cancer. Describe how a person infected with Helicobacter pylori could also develop liver cancer. [3 marks]

A
  • If cancer is malignant
  • Cancer cells can spread to other organs
  • Via the blood forming a secondary tumour
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20
Q

Some of the plants have a disease. Give two ways the gardener could identify the pathogen infecting the plants. [2 marks]

A
  • Send to laboratory for testing
  • Compare them to pictures in a garden manual
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21
Q

Describe the appearance of plants with: * nitrate deficiency * magnesium deficiency. [2 marks]

A

Nitrate deficiency – stunted growth
Magnesium deficiency - discolouration

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22
Q

Describe two ways to control the spread of malaria. [2 marks]

A

1 -mosquito nests
2 – stop mosquitoes breeding

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23
Q

Explain how the human circulatory system is adapted to:
* supply oxygen to the tissues
* remove waste products from tissues. [6 marks]

A
  • Oxygen binds to haemoglobin in the red blood cells
  • Waste products are converted into urea for excretion
  • Double circulatory system has a high blood pressure and greater flow of blood to the tissues
  • Heart made of specialised muscle cells, have long protein filaments that slide past each other to shorten the cell to bring about contraction for pumping blood
  • Blood goes back to the heart nu veins which have valves to prevent back flow
  • One cell thick
  • Large surface area
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24
Q

Give two uses of monoclonal antibodies. [2 mark]

A

Cancer treatment
Pregnancy testing

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25
Q

The pregnancy test strip will show a positive test result when a woman is pregnant. Explain how the pregnancy test strip works to show a positive result. [6 marks]

A
  • Urine passes through reaction zone
  • HCG hormone binds to the mobile HCG antibody
  • HCG hormone binds to the immobilised HCG antibodies in the results zone
  • The other antibodies which do not attach to HCG
  • Bind to antibodies in control zone
  • Blue dye appears in both control and results zone
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26
Q

what substances can be transported in and out of cell across the cell membranes via diffusion?

A
  • oxygen & carbon dioxide in gas exchange
  • urea from cells into the blood plasms for excretion in the kidney
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27
Q

an example of active transport in plants? why is it important?

A

mineral ions are absorbed into plant root hairs from very dilute solutions in the soil
plants require ions for healthy growth

28
Q

an example of active transport in humans? why is it important?

A

allows sugar molecules to be absorbed from lower conc. in the gut into the blood which has ha higher conc.
sugar molecules are used for respiration.

29
Q

what are the fuctions of veins?

A

carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart

30
Q

how veins have adapted to their function:

A
  • thin walls
    -larger lumen
    -valves to prevent back flow
  • low pressure
31
Q

what are the functions of arteries?

A

carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

32
Q

how arteries have adapted to their function:

A
  • small lumen
    -blood under high pressure
    -thick muscular walls
33
Q

what are the function of capillaries?

A

where gas exchange takes place. oxygen passes through the tissue, co2 passes from the tissues into the blood

34
Q

how capillaries have adapted to their function?

A
  • found in muscles and lungs
    -one cell thick (microscopic)
    -very low pressure
35
Q

what enzyme breaks down starch/carbs and what is its products

A

amylase

glucose

36
Q

what enzyme breaks down protein and what is its products

A

protease
amino acids

37
Q

what enzyme breaks down lipids/fat and what is its products?

A

lipase
fatty acids & glycerol

38
Q

structure of xylem

A
  • no cytoplasm
    -no end walls
    -form a continuous tube in which water can pass freely
  • cell walls are strengthened by lignin
39
Q

What is the function of a coarse focusing wheel? [1 mark]

A

To focus image / lens

40
Q

When placed into a beaker of water: * a red blood cell bursts * a plant cell does not burst. Explain why the red blood cell bursts but the plant cell does not burst. [2 marks]

A
  • Plant cell has a cell wall and red blood cell does not
  • Water enters the cell by osmosis
41
Q

Describe two aseptic techniques the student should have used. [2 marks] (culturing microorganism)

A

1 secure lid of the petri dish with adhesive taper
2 use sterilised agar

42
Q

Explain the financial impact on the UK economy of an increasing number of people who are obese. [2 marks]

A
  • Costs the NHS more money
  • They need to pay form medication
43
Q

Name two health conditions that might develop if a person eats a diet high in saturated fat. Do not refer to arthritis in your answer. [2 marks]

A

1 coronary heart disease
2 type 2 diabeties

44
Q

0 4 . 3 Energy is released in respiration. Give 3 uses of the energy released in respiration. [3 marks]

A
  • Maintain body temperature
  • Build up larger molecules from smaller ones
  • Muscle contraction /movement
45
Q

Describe two differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in humans. Do not refer to oxygen in your answer. [2 marks]

A

1 anaerobic respiration products is lactic acid and aerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide
2 anaerobic produces less energy

46
Q

Explain how amylase breaks down starch. Answer in terms of the ‘lock and key theory’. [3 marks]

A
  • Starch binds to amalyse active site
  • Because they are complimentary
  • Bonds between the starch are broken to produce smaller molecules
47
Q

Which cell structure in a leaf mesophyll cell is not found in a root hair cell? [1 mark]

A

Chloroplasts

48
Q

Water is taken in by the roots, transported up the plant and lost from the leaves. Which scientific term describes this movement of water? [1 mark]

A

Transpiration stream

49
Q

Which change would decrease the rate of water loss from a plant’s leaves? [1 mark

A

Increased humidity

50
Q

Compare the structure and function of xylem tissue and phloem tissue. [6 marks]

A
  • Xylem is made of dead cells and phloem is made of living cells
  • Xylem is hollow and phloem contains cytoplasm
  • Both tubular
  • Both transport substances
  • Xylem contains lignin and the phloem does not
  • Xylem is involved in transpiration and phloem is involved in translocation
51
Q

The rate of water loss at midnight was much lower than during the day Explain why. [2 marks]

A
  • Stomata being closed
  • Theres less light
52
Q

A person has a tumour blocking the tube leading from the gall bladder to the small intestine. Explain why this person would have difficulty digesting fat. [5 marks]

A
  • less bile reaches the small intestine
  • so less emulsification of fats
  • smaller surface area for lipase to break down fat
  • Ph of small intestine is not neutralised
  • So lipase is not at its optimum pH to break down fat
53
Q

nitrate deficiency?
what is it needed for?
what it causes?

A
  • needed to make amino acids for proteins which are needed for cell growth
    -stunted growth
54
Q

phosphate deficiency
what is it needed for?
what it causes?

A
  • needed to make cell membranes & DNA for respiration and growth
    -poor root growth and discoloured leaves
55
Q

potassium deficiency
what is it needed for?
what it causes?

A
  • needed in enzymes involved in respiration and photosynthesis
  • discoloured leaves and poor flower growth
56
Q

magnesium deficiency
what is it needed for?
what it causes?

A

-needed to make chlorophyll for photosynthesis
-yellow leaves (chlorosis)

57
Q

How is the volume of water lost from the leaves controlled? [1 mark]

A

by the guard cells) opening and
closing the stomata

58
Q

Describe the transport of water through a plant from the roots to the atmosphere. [3 marks]

A

(water is) transported in xylem
water evaporates (from leaves)
through the stomata

59
Q

Explain how the human lungs are adapted for efficient exchange of gases by diffusion.
[6 marks]

A
  • (many) alveoli
  • provide a large(r) surface area (: volume)
  • capillaries are thin
  • which provides short diffusion path
  • lungs are ventilated
  • to bring in (fresh) oxygen
  • to remove carbon dioxide
  • large capillary network
  • to maintain a concentration / diffusion gradient
60
Q

Explain why the leaf left in a cupboard with no light for two days did contain glucose
but did not contain starch. [3 marks]

A
  • starch have been converted to glucose
  • (so the glucose can be) used for respiration
  • (because) there is no light to make (new / more) glucose by photosynthesis
61
Q

Cirrhosis of the liver leads to liver failure. Describe the effects of liver failure on the human body. [4 marks]

A

no bile made (in the liver)
o fats are not emulsified
o surface area of fats / lipids not increased
o pH of small intestine will not be alkaline
o enzymes (in small intestine) wont work effectively
o so may lose weight
* lactic acid not broken down
o oxygen debt higher
o so muscle pain / fatigue
* liver does not remove other toxins (like alcohol)
o toxins accumulate in body
o body will be poisoned
* glycogen stores will not be formed
o cannot control blood glucose
o so diabetes may occur

62
Q

Starch test

A
  1. Puta small piece of the food to test on the spotting tile
  2. Add two drops of iodine solution to the food
  3. If the iodine goes blue/black, the food contains starch
63
Q

Glucose test

A
  1. Mix a small sample of food with 3cm3 of benedict’s solution in a boiling tube
  2. heat the mixture in a hot water bath for 3 minuets
  3. If the solution goes brick red colour, food contains sugar
64
Q

Protein test

A
  1. Mix a sample of food with3cm3 of biuret solution
  2. Leave for 2 minuets
  3. If the mixture goes pale purple colour, the food contains protein
65
Q

Lipid test

A
  1. Mix a small sample of food with 1cm3 of ethanol in a dry test tube
  2. Pour the ethanol into a test tube full of cold water
  3. If the water goes milky white the food contains lipid
66
Q

what does an objective lens do?

A

increase the magnification

67
Q

what does a coarse focusing wheel do?

A

focuses the image

Bology paper 1 (3 decks)

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