Exam - Psychology.

Question 1

What is Psychology?

Answer 1

The study of human mental processes and behaviors.

Question 2

What is sensation?

Answer 2

• Is the process in which our sense receptors are activated (sight, sound, smell, taste and touch) and are able to transmit signals (info) to the brain.

Question 3

What is perception?

Answer 3

The process of acquiring info from the environment (through your senses) and organizing that info in a sensible way.

Question 4

What are factors that influence sensation and perception?

Answer 4

.

Question 5

What is learning?

Answer 5

Change in knowledge or behaviour as a result of an experience.

Question 6

What is conditioned learning?

Answer 6

Is a fundamental concept in psychology that refers to the process by which an individual forms associations or connections between stimuli and responses.

Question 7

What is classical learning/conditioning,

Answer 7

Takes a response to a particular stimulus and causes that same response to occur with another stimulus by repeatedly pairing the new stimulus with the original one.

Question 8

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 8

States that the behavior can be conditioned by using positive reinforcements (rewards) or negative reinforcements (punishments).

Question 9

What is stimulus?

Answer 9

A signal to which an organism responds.

Question 10

What is unconditioned stimulus?

Answer 10

A stimulus that leads to an automatic response.

Question 11

What is unconditioned responses?

Answer 11

That evokes an unconditioned response with previous conditioning.

Question 12

What is conditioned stimulus?

Answer 12

A stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response.

Question 13

What is conditioned responses?

Answer 13

A behavior that does not come naturally, but must be learned by the individual by pairing a neutral stimulus with a potent stimulus.

Question 14

What is Palvo’s dog experiment?

Answer 14

When a bell was sounded each time the dog was fed, the dog learned to associate the sound with the presentation of the food.

Question 15

What is Skinner’s Rat experiment?

Answer 15

Negative reinforcement worked by placing a rat in his Skinner box and then subjecting it to an unpleasant electric current which caused it some discomfort.

Question 16

What is negative and positive reinforcement?

Answer 16

• An event, situation or condition that decreases the likelihood that a certain behavior will continue to occur.
• An event, situation or condition that increases the likelihood that a certain behavior will continue to occur.

Question 17

What is observational learning?

Answer 17

The process of learning by watching the behaviors of others.

Question 18

Who is Bandura and what is his theory?

Answer 18

Albert Bandura’s social learning theory suggests that observation and modeling play a primary role in how and why people learn.

Question 19

What are Bandura’s principles?

Answer 19

Attention, Retention, Reproduction and Motivation.

Question 20

What is Attention?

Answer 20

The concentration of awareness on/of a certain subject through our senses.

Question 21

What is Retention?

Answer 21

A person’s ability to retain and use information.

Question 22

What is Reproduction?

Answer 22

individuals attempt to reproduce the behavior they observe.

Question 23

What is Motivation?

Answer 23

Why a person does something, it is the driving force behind human actions.

Question 24

In classical conditioning, what would be the US, UR, CS, and CR?

Answer 24

• Unconditioned stimulus.
• Unconditioned responses.
• Conditioned stimulus.
• Conditioned responses.

Question 25

In what ways do Pavlov’s Dog Experiment and B.F. Skinner’s Rat Experiment represent their associated type of learning?

Answer 25

Compare operant (behavior) conditioning vs classical conditioning (stimulus).

Question 26

What is Memory?

Answer 26

Capacity to acquire, retain, and recall
knowledge and skills.

Question 27

What is Episodic Memory?

Answer 27

Recalling events from a specific past experience.

Question 28

What is Semantic Memory?

Answer 28

Knowledge of how the world works, but you haven’t actually experienced it yourself.

Question 29

What is Sensory Memory?

Answer 29

Receives information from the environment through your five senses.

Question 30

What is STM?

Answer 30

• Memory that is stored for 15 – 20 seconds
  information in your mind right now (unrehearsed memory).
• Lost by decay (the fading of information over time) or displacement (replaced by new information).

Question 31

What is LTM?

Answer 31

• Information that is important and meaningful to you will be stored in your long-term memory.
• Memory that is longer than 15 – 20 seconds (can last minutes or a lifetime).

Question 32

What is REM sleep?

Answer 32

• Stands for Rapid Eye Movement and is where most vivid dreams occur.
• Your eyes twitch and your brain is active.

Question 33

How much sleep do teenagers need (suggested)?

Question 34

What is NREM sleep?

Answer 34

Non-rapid eye movement sleep, also known as quiescent sleep.

Question 35

What are the 4 stages of NREM sleep?

Question 36

What type/stage* of sleep do dreams commonly occur in?

Answer 36

REM.

Question 37

Why do we need sleep? What are the effects of lack of sleep?

Answer 37

• Sleep plays a vital role in good health and well-being throughout your life.
• Problems with learning, focusing, and reacting.

Question 38

What is Id, Superego and Ego?

Answer 38

• The ID is the biological component (instinct) and impulses. Informs us if we are hungry for example as it doesn’t care for social conventions, only on us or our needs.
• The part of mind concerned with social conventions and norms. Tell us what is acceptable or right in a given situation.
• The psychological component that is represented by our conscious decision making process. (Decided when our ID needs are greater than the superego’s.)