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Human Bio 122 > EXAM PREP [MULTIPLE CHOICE] > Flashcards

EXAM PREP [MULTIPLE CHOICE] Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the respiratory zone?

A

The main site of gas exchange between air and blood

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2
Q

What is the main function of Type I alveolar cells?

A

Site for gas exchange

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3
Q

What is the main function of Type II alveolar cells?

A

Secrete alveolar fluid containing surfactant

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4
Q

What is inspiration and expiration?

A

Inspiration = inhalation

Expiration = exhalation

Together this is pulmonary ventilation

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5
Q

Where does internal respiration take place?

A

In the tissues

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6
Q

Where does external respiration take place?

A

In the lungs

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7
Q

Main function of the conducting zone?

A

Filter, warm and moisten air + conduct it to the lungs

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8
Q

How is the majority of carbon dioxide transported?

A

Dissolves in plasma as bicarbonate ions

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9
Q

What are the two enzymes in the mouth that start chemical digestion of food?

A

Salivary amylase - begins starch digestion

Lingual lipase - secreted by tongue and activated in stomach to breakdown triglycerides

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10
Q

What is another term for swallowing?

A

Deglutition

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11
Q

What’s the main role of gastrin?

A

Stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl and chief cells to secrete pepsinogen

[also contracts lower oesophageal sphincter, increases motility of stomach, and relaxes pyloric sphincter]

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12
Q

What is the main function of parietal cells?

A

Secretes HCl and intrinsic factor

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13
Q

What is the main function of chief cells (in gastric pits)?

A

Secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase

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14
Q

What is the main function of G cells in gastric pits?

A

Secretes the hormone gastrin

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15
Q

What is the role of IgA in digestion?

A

Prevents attachment of microbes to the epithelium

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16
Q

What enzyme digests triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides in the stomach?

A

Gastric lipase

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17
Q

What substance activates pepsinogen, denatures proteins and kills bacteria in the stomach?

A

HCl

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18
Q

Which cells allows an alkaline protective barrier to form on the inner lining of the stomach to prevent acid erosion?

A

Mucous cells

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19
Q

Name the main enzymes in pancreatic juice that help digest starch, fats and proteins.

A
  • pancreatic amylase (starch)
  • pancreatic lipase (fats)
  • proteases (proteins)
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20
Q

What is the main role of cholecystokinin (CCK)?

A

Stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice to digest fats and proteins in small intestine

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21
Q

What feature of the small intestine forms a brush border?

A

Microvilli

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22
Q

Absorbed nutrients leave the GI tract and enter the liver via…?

A

hepatic portal vein

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23
Q

What are the three phases of digestion and their function?

A
  1. Cephalic phases - prepare the mouth and stomach for food (activated by smell, sight, thought or initial taste of food)
  2. Gastric phase - begins when food arrives in stomach (activated by stomach stretching) and works to promote gastric secretions and motility
  3. Intestinal phase - when food enter small intestines; promotes digestion of food and slows exit of chyme from stomach
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24
Q

What is the function of peritubular capillaries in the kidneys?

A

Deliver wastes to be secreted into urine and reabsorb nutrients your body needs

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25
Q

Nephrons are the filtering units of the kidneys. What are their 3 main functions?

A
  1. glomerular filtration (filtration of waste-laden blood in the glomerulus)
  2. tubular reabsorption (return of important substances to body)
  3. tubular secretion (movement of waste materials)
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26
Q

Glomerular filtration (via the filtration membrane) permits the filtration of water and small solutes. What does it prevent the filtration of?

A

Proteins

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27
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate?

A

The amount of filtrate formed in all the renal corpuscles of both kidneys each minute.

28
Q

What are the 3 main mechanisms that regulate the glomerular filtration rate?

A
  1. renal autoregulation
  2. neural regulation
  3. hormonal regulation
29
Q

What are the 2 hormones that contribute to the regulation of glomerular filtration rate?

A
  1. ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)
  2. Angiotensin II
30
Q

What are the functions of ANP?

A
  • Released from the heart in response to high blood pressure
  • Results in increased secretion of Na+ (increases urine output)
  • Increases glomerular filtration rate
  • Reduces blood pressure
31
Q

Where does the majority of tubular reabsorption happen?

A

Proximal tubule of the nephron

32
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A
  • Produced by the adrenal gland
  • Increases renal reabsorption of Na+, CL- and water
  • Increases blood volume and pressure
33
Q

Functions of angiotensin II?

A
  • Released in response to a decreased blood pressure
  • Vasoconstriction of arterioles
  • Reduces glomerular filtration rate
  • Also stimulates the release of ADH
34
Q

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A
  • Released from the posterior pituitary gland
  • Stimulates the insertion of water channels (aquaporin-2) to increase water reabsorption
  • Decreases osmolarity of body fluids
35
Q

Name the type of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) in the small intestine.

A

Peyer’s patches

36
Q

There are 7 main constituents of abnormal urine. Name them.

A
  1. glucose
  2. proteins
  3. ketone bodies
  4. haemoglobin
  5. bile pigments
  6. erythrocytes
  7. leukocytes
37
Q

Reduction in blood pressure stimulates the kidney to secrete what?

A

Renin (which, in turn, stimulates angiotensin II which raises blood pressure)

38
Q

The seminal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbourethral glands are considered what…?

A

Accessory sex glands

39
Q

In males, the system of ducts includes the ductus epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct and urethra. What is the broad function of ducts?

A

Store and transport gametes

40
Q

What is the function of Leydig cells?

A

Secrete testosterone

41
Q

Seminal secretions are alkaline to help neutralise the acid in the male urethra and female reproductive tract.

What are the 3 main seminal secretions and their function?

A
  1. fructose - ATP production by sperm
  2. prostaglandins - sperm motility and viability, and stimulate smooth muscle contractions in female
  3. clotting protein semenogelin - helps semen coagulate after ejaculation
42
Q

Secretions of the prostate gland include…

A
  1. citric acid - ATP production
  2. acid phosphatase
  3. proteolytic enzymes - break down clotting proteins
  4. seminalplasmin - decrease number of naturally occurring bacteria
43
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) controls the ovarian cycle through secretion of other hormones. Where is GnRH released from and what other hormones does it control?

A

Hypothalamus

Oestrogens, progesterone, relaxin and inhibin

44
Q

What are the main functions of oestrogens?

A
  • moderate levels inhibit the release of GnRH, FSH and LH
45
Q

What are the main functions of progesterone?

A
  • prepares the endometrium for implantation
  • prepares mammary glands to secrete milk
  • inhibits release of GnRH and LH
46
Q

What are the main functions of relaxin?

A
  • inhibits contractions of uterine smooth muscle
47
Q

What are the main functions of inhibin?

A
  • inhibits release of FSH and LH
48
Q

What is the function of follicular-stimulating hormones (FSH)?

A

Initiate follicular growth and production of oestrogens

49
Q

What is the main function of luteinising hormone (LH)?

A

Trigger ovulation and promote the formation of corpus luteum

50
Q

Beta-estradiol, estrone and estriol are all types of what hormone?

A

Oestrogens

51
Q

What are the phases (in order) of the reproductive cycle?

A
  1. menstrual phase (declining levels of hormones; stratum functionalis is shed; thin endometrium)
  2. preovulatory (new stratum functionalis produced; rising oestrogen levels; aka. proliferation phase)
  3. ovulation
  4. postovulatory (secretory phase)
52
Q

If egg is fertilised, what hormone maintains the corpus luteum?

A

hCG

53
Q

What is the hormone released from the posterior pituitary gland that stimulates the insertion of water channels to increase water reabsorption?

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

54
Q

What is the hormone produced by the adrenal glands that increases renal reabsorption of Na2+, Cl- and water resulting in increased blood volume?

A

Aldosterone

55
Q

What is the hormone released in response to decreased blood pressure, resulting in vasoconstriction of afferent and efferent arterioles and reduced GFR?

A

Angiotensin II

56
Q

What is the hormone released from the kidney juxtaglomerular cells in response to low blood pressure?

A

Renin

57
Q

What is the hormone released from the heart in response to high blood pressure that results in increased excretion of sodium?

A

ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)

58
Q

What are the main functions of ductus (vas) deferens?

A

Propel, store and reabsorb sperm

59
Q

What happens in the seminiferous tubules?

A

Sperm is produced

60
Q

What is the main function of the scrotum?

A

Regulate temperature of the testes

61
Q

What are rugae broadly (in stomach and vagina)?

A

Folds that allow for stretching

62
Q

What are circular folds and where are they found?

A

In the small intestine; folds of the mucosa and submucosa that enhance absorption by increasing surface area and causing chyme to spiral

63
Q

Is it the villi or microvilli that forms the brush border of the small intestine and contains digestive enzymes?

A

Microvilli

64
Q

Baroreceptors sense what to enact change in the body?

A

Blood pressure change

65
Q
A

Human Bio 122 (13 decks)

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