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Human Bio 122 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

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1
Q

What is blood?

A

Connective tissue that consists of cells and a liquid extracellular matrix (plasma)

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2
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

The fluid that bathes body cells

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3
Q

Main 3 functions of blood

A
  1. Transportation.

Oxygen, nutrients, hormones, heat and waste products

  1. Regulation.

> homeostasis of all body fluids
pH through the use of buffers
body temperature
blood osmotic pressure influences the water content of cells

  1. Protection.

> Blood clots
White blood cells protect against disease

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4
Q

Blood plasma consists of mainly water and some solutes (mainly proteins). Name the 3 plasma proteins.

A
  1. Albumins
  2. Globulins
  3. Fibrinogen
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5
Q

Which plasma protein can develop into antibodies or immunoglobulin?

A

Globulins

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6
Q

An antigen is a…?

A

Foreign substance in the body

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7
Q

Name some other solutes present in blood plasma.

A

Waste, nutrients, electrolytes, gases, enzymes, hormones

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8
Q

Name the 3 main formed elements in blood (the blood cells)

A
  1. Red blood cells
  2. White blood cells
  3. Platelets
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9
Q

Where are the majority of plasma proteins produced?

A

Liver

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10
Q

What is the primary function of albumins?

A

Maintain osmotic pressure

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11
Q

Primary function of globulins?

A

Attack bacteria and viruses; transport iron, lipids and fat-soluble vitamins

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12
Q

Primary function of fibrinogens?

A

Essential in blood clotting

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13
Q

What’s another name for red blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes

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14
Q

What’s another name for white blood cells?

A

Leukocytes

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15
Q

What are platelets (or thrombocytes)?

A

Cell fragments (no nucleus) that promote blood clotting

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16
Q

What is haemopoiesis?

A

The process by which the formed elements of blood develop

(primary site is red bone marrow in adults)

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17
Q

Blood cells are formed from pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells that can develop into many different cells. Pluripotent cells are differentiated into two groups - what are they?

A
  1. Myeloid stem cells
  2. Lymphoid stem cells
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18
Q

Haemopoitetic growth factors stimulate and regulate differentiation and proliferation of various blood cells. What are the 3 growth factors?

A
  1. EPO (erythropoietin)
  2. TPO (thrombopoietin)
  3. Cytokines (local hormones of bone marrow)
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19
Q

What is haematocrit?

A

The proportion of blood that is made up of red blood cells

20
Q

What is anaemia?

A

Deficiency in the number of quality red blood cells

21
Q

What is polycythaemia?

A

When the body produces too many red blood cells

22
Q

Haemoglobin is?

A

The oxygen-carrying protein in RBCs

Haeme - one haeme pigment attached to each polypeptide chain; each haeme contains an iron ion (Fe2+) that can combine with one oxygen molecule

Globin - protein consisting of 4 polypeptide chains

23
Q

Function of haemoglobin?

A

Transport of O2, CO2 and nitric oxide

24
Q

Normal haemoglobin range is 12 to 16g/100ml of blood for adult females and 13.5 to 18g/100ml of blood for adult males. A deficiency of what nutrients can lead to decreased production of haemoglobin?

A

Vitamin B12 or folic acid

25
Q

How long do RBCs live?

A

120 days because they wear out from bending and cannot repair due to lack of organelles.

Worn out cells are removed by macrophages in the spleen and liver.

26
Q

Outline the 4 main steps in red blood cells production (erythropoiesis)

A
  1. Proerythroblast starts to produce haemoglobin.
  2. Reticulocyte is formed.
  3. Reticulocytes leave the bone marrow into the blood.
  4. In 1-2 days, they eject the remaining organelles to become a mature RBC.
27
Q

Where are the receptors that detect low oxygen levels in the body?

A

Kidney

28
Q

White blood cells are classified based on the presence of cytoplasmic granules. What are the two classes of WBCs?

A
  1. Granuloctyes
  2. Agranulocytes
29
Q

Name the 3 types of granulocytes (BEN).

A
  1. Basophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Neutrophils
30
Q

Name the 2 types of agranulocutes (ML).

A
  1. Monocytes
  2. Lymphocytes
31
Q

Broad function of WBCs?

A

Combat pathogens by phagocytosis or an immune response

32
Q

Neutrophils function (granular)

(2 - 5 lobes connected by thin strand)

A
  • release lysozymes
  • release strong oxidants
  • release defensin proteins which poke holes in bacterial cell walls
32
Q

Basophils function (granular)

(irregular, s-shaped, bi-lobed nuclei)

A
  • involved in inflammatory and allergic reactions
  • release heparin, histamine and serotonin
  • account for allergic reactions
33
Q

Eosinophils function (granular)

(2 or 3 lobes connected by a thin strand)

A
  • release histaminase which slows down inflammatory response caused by basophils
  • attack parasitic worms
34
Q

Lymphocytes function (agranular)

(Dark, oval to round nucleus)

A

B Cells - destroy bacteria and inactivate their toxins

T Cells - attack viruses, fungi, transplanted organs, cancer cells and some bacteria

Natural Killer Cells - attack many different microbes and some tumour cells

35
Q

What do Monocytes (agranular) do?

(kidney or horse-shoe shaped)

A

Enlarge and differentiate into macrophages

Fixed macrophages or wandering which take longer to get to the infection site than neutrophils but arrive in larger numbers to destroy microbes and clean up dead tissue.

36
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

The chemical attraction of WBCs to a disease or injury site

37
Q

What is leukocytosis vs leukopenia?

A

Leukocytosis = high WBC

Leukopenia = low WBC

[note: only 2% of total WBC population is in circulating blood at any given time. The rest are in lymphatic fluid, skin, lungs, lymph nodes and spleen]

38
Q

What is thrombopoiesis?

A

The process of making platelets

39
Q

Which cells are stimulated to produce platelets in bone marrow?

A

Myeloid cells

40
Q

What is haemostasis? What are the 3 main mechanisms used?

A

The process to prevent and stop bleeding

  1. vascular spasm
  2. platelet plug formation
  3. blood clotting (results in formation of fibrin threads)
41
Q

An enzyme converting soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin is called…?

A

Thrombin

42
Q

A network of insoluble fibrin fibres in which the blood formed elements are trapped is called?

A

Blood clot

43
Q

The extrinsic and intrinsic clotting cascade culminates in the production of what?

A

Prothrombinase

44
Q

To reduce blood loss from minor damage to a small blood vessel, what is formed?

A

Platelet plug

45
Q

What are the key steps in clotting?

A
  1. Formation of prothrombinase
  2. Prothrombinase and Ca2+ convert prothrombin into thrombin
  3. Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin threads
46
Q

What is the general shape of a red blood cell and why?

A

Biconcave disk to increase surface area (can carry more haemoglobin)

No nucleus or other organelles (some mitochondria)

Human Bio 122 (13 decks)

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