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Animal Welfare > Exam Prep > Flashcards

Exam Prep Flashcards

1
Q

Animal rights in the 17th century

A

Non existent

Animals weren’t believed to have a conscience

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2
Q

Welfare in 1826

A

First animal welfare law created in uk

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3
Q

Naturalistic argument

A

Enclosures should be as natural as possible to encourage natural behaviours

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4
Q

Fit and healthy argument

A

If an animal is healthy the welfare is good

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5
Q

Holistic argument

A

Animals should be fit and happy

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6
Q

Five freedoms (FAWC)

A 
Freedom from: 
Thirst,hunger and malnourishment 
Discomfort 
Pain and injury 
Fear and distress 
Behave naturally
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7
Q

Three principles of ethics

A

Autonomy - rights to body
Justice - equal to all
Beneficence - benefits the animal

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8
Q

Animal welfare act (2006)

A

Authorities can punish cruelty and enter properties

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9
Q

Displacement behaviour

A

Normal behaviours at abnormal times,frequencies or lengths

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10
Q

Why do displacement behaviours occur?

A

Often after stressful encounters eg conflict

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11
Q

What is a stereotypy

A

Irregular behaviours often used to comfort a animal eg swaying which often becomes impulsive and hard to reverse

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12
Q

Mantra effect

A

Repetition of a behaviour brings comfort

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13
Q

Younger animals…

A

Often need extra stimulation to encourage exploration and reduce the chances of stereotypical behaviours in later life

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14
Q

Treating stereotypies

A

Improving welfare can reduce these behaviours but often they cannot be reversed without causing stress to the animals

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15
Q

Welfare

A

An animals ability to cope with its environment with both mental and physical components

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16
Q

Preference testing

A

Tests motivations and the strength of motivation towards different environmental factors

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17
Q

Consumer demand theory

A

Different animals have different preferences dependent on their age,sex,experiences etc

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18
Q

Cognitive bias and emotional state

A

Depressed individuals are often more pessimistic and less explorative

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19
Q

5 domains

A

Nutrition and hydration
Environment
Health
Behaviour and mental state

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20
Q

Explain the stress response

A

Sensory input
Brain evaluates
Positive or negative emotions generated
Body responds physically or mentally

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21
Q

What’s HPA?

A

Hypothalamic pituitary axis (hormone slow response)

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22
Q

What is the SNS

A

Sympathetic nervous system involving nervous system (fast response)

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23
Q

What is GAS response?

A

Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion

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24
Q

Problems with chronic stress

A

Poor immune system

Lack of growth

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25
Q

Physical measures of stress

A 
Blood pressure 
MRI 
Hormone samples 
Glucortinoids 
Resp rate
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26
Q

Cruelty to animals act (1976)

A

Prevents cruelty to animals. Infliction of pain when justified is ok but cruelty isn’t

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27
Q

Types of licenses

A

Personal
Project
Establishment

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28
Q

Regulated procedures

A

Mild moderate or severe

Licenses needed if any pain is inflicted

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29
Q

3rs

A

Replacement
Reduction
Refinement

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30
Q

What is white adipose tissue?

A

Stores energy

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31
Q

What is brown adipose tissue?

A

Thermoregulation tissue to help young animals and hibernating animals stay warm

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32
Q

Adipokenine

A

Reduces appetite. High levels increases appetite

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33
Q

Adipokenectin

A

Enhances insulin sensitivity

Lower in overweight animals

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34
Q

Neoteny

A

Delayed development

35
Q

Paedomorphism

A

Juvenile features in adults

36
Q

1930s

A

First stereotypy observed

37
Q

1960s

A

Documentaries changed welfare attitude

38
Q

1961

A

First American welfare laws

39
Q

WAZA

A

World association for zoos and aquariums

40
Q

Naturalistic

A

Mimics wild enclosures

41
Q

Behavioural engineering

A

Doesn’t mimic wild but stimulates natural behaviours

42
Q

Types of enrichment

A 
Social
Occupational 
Physical 
Sensory 
Nutritional
43
Q

Allostatis

A

Balance through physical and behavioural changes

44
Q

Allostatic load

A

Costs incurred

45
Q

Ideal sheep body score

A

2-3 - measured by feeling hips and lower spine- should be round and not sharp

46
Q

Typical sheep behaviour

A

Social
Not isolated
Alert

47
Q

Recommended sheep water distance

A

Less than 1.6km

48
Q

What is rewilding?

A

Undomesticating animals/ releasing into wild

49
Q

Oostvardenplassen

A

Cattle and ponies reintroduced with wild red deer all now starving and culling is being used —— unethical

50
Q

Reintroduction

A

Releasing captive bred animals

51
Q

Reintroduction objectives

A

Survive
Breed
Settle

52
Q

What causes mortality in reintroduction

A

Stress
Predators
Habituation to captivity

53
Q

Problems with reintroduction

A

Money
Time
Lack of behavioural skills
Captivity habituation

54
Q

How to help reintroduce

A

Enrichment stimulating natural behaviours

55
Q

How to help carnivores reintroduce

A

Natural foods or live foods

56
Q

How to help arboreal reintroduce

A

Distribute food specially

57
Q

Captive animals often don’t….

A

Experience stress which may be detrimental when introducing

58
Q

Anti predator training

A

Mimicking predators to captive animals to prepare for reintroduction

59
Q

Why does nutrition change

A

To accommodate to different life stages

60
Q

First ingestion or milk

A

Colostrum helps build the immune system

61
Q

Diet

A

Regime of food

62
Q

Food

A

Substinance

63
Q

Nutrient

A

Substance used for energy

64
Q

Lab animals are fed…

A

Cereal based diet

65
Q

Poor diet leads to

A

Deficiency diseases
Obesity
Cardiovascular diseases

66
Q

Faulty leptin

A

Leads to over eating due to no appetite suppression

67
Q

Protein requirements

A

Higher for pregnant,lactating or growing animals

68
Q

Postpartum rats

A

Can conceive hours after giving birth

69
Q

Proteins help

A

Build tissues

Grow

70
Q

Poor protein leads to

A 
Small litter sizes 
Poor Development 
Low birth rates 
Reduced growth 
Poor lactation
71
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Energy rich

Excess converted to fat

72
Q

Purified synthetic diets

A

Cleansed/no chemicals (better for experiments as no variation)

73
Q

Standard lab diet

A

Mostly natural ingredients,variation possible

74
Q

Water

A

Lubricates food
Transports waste materials
Regulates body temp

75
Q

Biofilm

A

Contaminates water (bacteria colony)
Treated with reverse osmosis and filtering
Should check planktonic count regularly

76
Q

Cruelty to animals act – 1876

A

means animals in labs can only be in justified experiments. Can inflict justified pain but not be cruel.

77
Q

Why are primates in captivity?

A

Zoos,captive research,lab facilities,conservation

78
Q

Ethical concerns of keeping primates in captivity

A

Development and mental stimulation due to high intelligence.

79
Q

How should arboreal species be catered to within captivity

A

Larger vertical spaces

80
Q

What does spacial crowding lead to in primates?

A

Social aggression

81
Q

What is acute stress?

A

Temporary short term stress

82
Q

What is chronic stress?

A

Long term, reoccurring stress

83
Q

Where is leptin secreted from?

A

Adipose tissue

Animal Welfare (3 decks)

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