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Indigenous and Cross Cultures > Exam Prep > Flashcards

Exam Prep Flashcards

1
Q

What is a psychological toolkit?

A

Refers to the many abilities and aptitudes that nature endowed humans with in order to help them to address there basic need and social motives, in order to adapt and survive in diverse context

e.g Cognitive abilities, emotions and personality

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2
Q

What are emic and ethics?

A

Emics=processes different accross cultures

Ethics=processes that are consistent across different cultures

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3
Q

Three distinguishing characteristics of human culture?

A
  1. Complexity
  2. Differentiation
  3. Insitutionalisation
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4
Q

What is a settled cultural context?

A
  • Defined by traditions and common sense, with human activity concerned with refining and reinforcing the skills, habits and authorized models of experience normalized therein
  • Stable and secure, institutionalized and routinized, structuring and enabling activities as if on autopilot
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5
Q

What is an unsettled cultural context?

A
  • Characterised by ideological disputes whereby ideas, rather than habit are viewed as governing action. Disputation may result in a loosing on previously settled boundaries around activity and action, with different ideologies forcing a reconsideration of the way things are done
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6
Q

What do we mean by ‘paradoxes’

A
  • On a basic level means a statement that contradicts itself because it often contains two statements that are both true but cant be true at the same time
  • Rappaport contended that the most interesting aspects of community life, as by nature paradoxical. Rap argued that a crucial task for the researcher was to look for the paradox so as to discover antinomies in social and community to “Unpack and influence resolutions for the paradox”
  • Considered in term of settled and unsettled contexts, it is likely that stressful paradoxes emerge in unsettled cultural periods and contributes to the construction of arena like sites which various ideological and practical alternatives are asserted
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7
Q

What is an antinomy?

A

Refers to the absurdity and contradiction that is exposed as s consequence of adopting a particular solution or position to the ignorance or neglect of another possibility

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8
Q

What are themes?

A

Themes are patterns across a data set that are important to the description of a phenomenon and are associated with a specific research question

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9
Q

What is a pluralistic society?

A

A diverse one, where the people in it believe all kinds of different things and tolerate each others beliefs even when they don’t match there own

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10
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A
  • Refers to the tendency to view the world through one’s own cultural filters
  • Everyone was ethnocentrism (ways of behaving)
  • Learn what is considered normal, abnormal, right and appropriate
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11
Q

What is a stereotype?

A
  • Widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person/thing
  • Can have no factual basis
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12
Q

What are autostereotypes?

A

Stereotypes about ones own group

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13
Q

What are heterostereotypes?

A

Stereotypes about other groups

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14
Q

What is prejudice?

A
  • Refers to the tendency to prejudge others on the basis of their group membership
  • Two components:
    o Cogntitive (thinking) component
    o Affective (feeling) component towards other
    groups
  • Stereotypes form the basis of cognitive component
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15
Q

What is explicit and implicit prejudice?

A 
Explicit = verbalised and made public
Implicit = unspoken and outside unconscious awareness
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16
Q

What is acculturation?

A
  • Refers to the process by which people adopt a different cultural system
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17
Q

What is intercultural adaption?

A
  • apart of acculturation

- Refers to how people adapt or change their behavior or ways of thinking in a new cultural environment

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18
Q

What is an intercultural adjustment?

A
  • Apart of acculturation

- How people feel as they are making those changes

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19
Q

What is Berry’s Model of Acculturation?

A
  • An individuals acculturation style can be described depending on the response to two questions
    1. Do I value and want to maintain my home cultural identity and characteristics?
    2. Do I value and want to maintain relationships with people from a host of cultures as well?

PEOPLE WHO ANSWER 1. Y 2. N: SEPARATORS
- Live in own immigrant communities interact with own home culture friends, speak home language, minimal contact with host community

PEOPLE WHO ANSWER 1. N 2. Y: ASSIMILATORS
- Reject home culture and assimilate to host culture

PEOPLE WHO ANSWER 1. N 2. N: MARGINALIZER
- Reject both home and host culture ‘living on the friges’

PEOPLE WHO ANSWER 1. Y 2. Y: INTEGRATORS
- Able to move from one cultural context to another, switching cultural styles in accordance with cultural systems they are in

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20
Q

What are in groups and outgroups?

A
  • One type of meaningful social relationships that people of all societies make are in group and outgroups
  • Ingroups: characterized by a history of shared experiences and anticipated future. Produce a sense of intimacy and familiarity.
  • Outgroups: Relationships lack with familiarity, intimacy and trust
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21
Q

What is Alports Contact hypothesis?

A
  • The premise of the theory states that under appropriate conditions interpersonal contact is one of the most effective ways to reduce prejudice between majority and minority group members. If one has the opportunity to communicate with others, they are better able to understand and appreciate different points of views
  • Contact fails to cure conflict when contact situations create anxiety for those who take part. Contract situations need to be long enough to allow anxiety to decrease.
  • Cretia of contact for most beneficial results:
    1. Equal status
    2. Common goals
    3. Intergroup coperation
    4. Support of authorities
    5. Personal interactions
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22
Q

What is development?

A

Changes that show greater complexity, organisation and competency

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23
Q

What is socialisation and enculturation?

A

Socialisation = processes by which people learn rules and patterns of society

Enculturation = refers to the products of socialisation process

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24
Q

What is bronfenbenners ecological model of human development?

A

Argued that it is only by examining the child ‘within context’ that we can understand how the child developes

4 levels

  • Microsystem: Immediate enviroment
  • Mesosystem: connections between microsystems
  • Exosystem: Indirect enviroments
  • Macrosystem: Social and cultural value
  • Chronosystem: Transitions over the life course
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25
Q

What is temperament?

A
  • Refers to a biologically based style of interacting with the world that exists from birth
  • Thomas and Chess outlined 3 major categories of temperament (easy, difficult and slow to warm)
  • Easy = regular, adaptable, mildly intense
  • Difficult = Intense, irregular, withdrawing style
  • Slow to warm = need time to make the transition, given time and support
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26
Q

What is goodness to fit?

A

Refers to how well the childs temperement matches the expectation and values of the parents, enviroment and culture. When there is a mismatch, the more negative outcomes for the child are expected

27
Q

What is attatchment?

A
  • Refers to a special bond between infant and caregiver
  • Bowlby and Ainsworth’s classifcation system of attatchement
  • Secure: Infants keen to explore, display stranger anxiety, easy to calm
  • Ambilivant
  • Insecure: Unwilling to explore, high stranger anxiety, upset by seperation
28
Q

Is there similar attatchement accross cultures?

A
  • Generally, similar distructions of attatchment styles notes in other cultures
  • However, not all cultures. For example, the Dogon of Mali there appears to be no evidence of avoidant attatchements.
  • Highlights the importance of understanding the attatchment systems in the context of the parenting practices spefic to a culture.
29
Q

What is piagets thoery of cognitive developement?

A
  • Theory on the nature and developement of human intelligene

4 stages

  • Sensorimotor (0-2): object permenance
  • Preoperational (2-7): Children at this stage tend to be egocentric
  • Concreteoperational (7-11): t in a tall, skinny glass, for example. thinking logically
  • Formal operational (12+): Abstract thought
30
Q

How do you move up the stages of piagets theory of cognitive developement?

A

Assimilation: fitting new ideas into prexisting ones

Accomodation: refers to the processes changings ones understanding of the world to accomodate ideas

Schemas: Pattern of thought or behaviour that organises categories of info and relationships among them

31
Q

Is piagets theory common accross cultures?

A
  • Piaget believed these stages are universal
  • These stages occur accross culture in the same order
  • These stages occur at different ages accross culyure
  • Cultural variations in the order in which people aquire skills within one stage
  • In some cultures very few complete the 4th stage
32
Q

What is Levy-Bruhls ‘great divide’ theory?

A
  • Refers to a theory of cognitive development that suggests that the thoughts of westerners are superior to that of people who live in ‘primitive’ societies
  • Non-westerners development is seen as inferior
  • Justification of colonialism, imperialism and ethnocentrism
33
Q

What was Alfred Benits Intelligence test? Did it work across cultures?

A
  • Intrested in measuring capacity to learn, not just the knowledge gained through instruction
  • Low scores for particular groups created controversy
  • Others critiqued the tests as biased and argued that the test did not accurately measure the mental abilities of people from other cultures
34
Q

What is the eugenics movement?

A
  • An attempt to prove that intelligence is biologically fixed capacity which if found in different proportions throughout society, so it can be said that the upper class is innately superior in intelligence to the lower class
  • eugenics rejected the doctrine that all human beings are born equal and redefined moral worth purely in terms of genetic fitness.
35
Q

What did Aurther Jensen believe?

A
  • Best known proponent of the position that IQ is biologically based - it is inheritable
  • 80% of a person intelligence is inherited
  • Reported differences between European American and ethnic minorities are due to biologically differences
36
Q

What implications did IQ test have on those who scored low?

A
  • Dismantling of social programs to bolster envirolmental disadvantages of ethnic minorities in the US
  • 40% is argued to be the amount that is actually heredity
  • Some scholars have suggested that low IQ scores demonstrated by members of some ethnics groups is due to them being economically deprived
37
Q

What is the Kimberley Indigenous Cognitive Assessment Tool?

A
  • was developed in response to the need for a cognitive screening tool for older Indigenous Australians
  • Expanded theoretical understanding of intelligence included creative, logical mathematical, lingustic, musical. ect
  • Intelligence may be more aptly defined as skills and abilities to effectively accomplish goals
38
Q

What is self?

A

‘Self’ is a psychological construct that people create in order to help themselves understand themselves and their world better

39
Q

What is self-concept?

A

May be defined as the cognitive representations of who one is, that is, the ideas or images that one has about oneself, especaially in relation to others, and how and why one behaves.

40
Q

Are there cultural differences in self-concept?

A

YES

  • Self-concepts are rooted in our cultural worldviews and given cultural worldviews differ across culture, it follows that our self-concept will differ across culture
  • Differences in self concepts occur because different cultures are associated with different systems of rules of living and exists within different social and economic environment and natural habitats
  • The varied demandxs that cultures place on individual members mean that individuals integrate, synthesis, and co-ordinate their worlds in a variety of ways, producting differences in self concept
41
Q

What is Markus and Kitayama’s theory of independent and interdependent self-constructs?

A
  • Theorised that there are two fundamental different senses of self
  • Independent
  • Interdependent
42
Q

What is a independent construal of self?

A
  • Individuals focus on personal, internal attributes expressing themselves in public and verifying and confirming them in private through social comparision
  • Self is bounded entity clearly seperated from relevant others
  • No overlap
43
Q

What is a interdependent construal of self?

A
  • Suggests many non-westen collectivistic cultures neither assume nor value seperateness
  • Normative cultural tasks are to fit in and maintain interdepdence among individuals
  • Self esteem may depend primary on weather a person fits in
  • Self is unbounded, flexible and contingent
  • Self defined by relationships
  • Overlap between self and others
44
Q

Is identity fixed of fluid?

A

FLUID

  • Changes in different context and culture
  • It is constructed in realation to whom you are talking to and where you are going
45
Q

What is identity denial?

A

Refers to when someone is not recognised as a member of a gorup which he or she belongs

46
Q

What is self-esteem?

A

The cognitive and affective evaluations we make about ourselves within our cultural worldview

47
Q

What is self-enchancement?

A

Refers to the ways we bolster our self esteem

48
Q

Why might we seek to bolster our self-esteem?

A

Terror management theory explains this

  • The meanings afford in cultural worldviews and the worth we place ourselves arise because humans must balance a prospensity for life with an awareness of the inevitability of death
  • We create psychological phenomena as a buffer against the terror of dying and to provide meaning for our existance resulting in self esteem
  • Self esteem as a psychological defense
49
Q

Is self-enchancement culture-specific?

A

YES NOT ALL CULTURES PARTICIPATE IN SELF-ENCHANCEMENT

  • Those from Individualistic cultures such as Americans and Canadians had higher self-esteem scores than collectivistic cultures
  • Asian collectivistic cultures didnt self echance but did downplay there virtues in a practice, refered as self-effacement
50
Q

What is mutual self-enchancement?

A
  • Achieved through the giving and recieving of compliments between partners in close relationships
  • Indirect self enchancement
51
Q

What did Ross Wiliiams suggest in his ‘why should i feel guilty’ article? and what are the two types of guilt he identitified?

A
  • Suggested that white attitudes to the Australian aboriginal population are strongly influenced by guilt.
    1. Reponses along the lines of ‘I dont feel guilty/I feel some responsibility’ polarity, which attempt to deal rational with the essentially irrational feeling of being blamed. No direct accussations of racism or even insensitvity werfe ever made in the class, nor would they have been justified but internalised accusers may of been active.
    2. Depressed group mood associated with feelings of helpless regret in relation to historical events. This often occured after a bout of blaming directed at goverments, racists, religions or educational institutes and the like.
52
Q

What is social and emotional wellbeing (SEWB)?

A
  • SEWB is defined as a holistic concept which recognises the importance of connection to land, culture, spirtuality, ancestory, family and community, and how these effect the indiviudual
  • Also awknowledges the influence of the social determinants on SEWB including homelessness, education, unemployement and intergenerational truama
53
Q

What factors protect SEWB?

A
  • Connection to land, culture, spirituality, and ancestry
  • Kinship: bonds of reciprocal affection, responsibility, and caring are inextricably link individuals wellbeing
  • Self-determination, community governance and cultural continuity
54
Q

What is a wellness approach to health?

A

Emerged out of dissatisfaction with medical models of health, and the ideology that health is reflected by absence of symptoms

55
Q

What is cultural competence?

A

A set of congruent behaviours, knowledge, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, organisation, or among professionals that enables effective work in cross-cultural situations

56
Q

What is the cross-cultural continium?

A

The CCC is a continuum that embraces a conceptual framework and model for achieving cultural competence

57
Q

Stages and features of the cross-cultural continium?

A

Cultural destructiveness is characterized by attitudes, policies, structures, and practices within a system or organization that are destructive to a cultural group.

Cultural incapacity is the lack of capacity of systems and organizations to respond effectively to the needs, interests and preferences of culturally and linguistically diverse groups. Characteristic include but are not limited to: institutional or systemic bias; practices that may result in discrimination in hiring and promotion; disproportionate allocation of resources that may benefit one cultural group over another; subtle messages that some cultural groups are neither valued nor welcomed; and lower expectations for some cultural, ethnic, or racial groups.

Cultural blindness is an expressed philosophy of viewing and treating all people as the same. Characteristics of such systems and organizations may include: policies that and personnel who encourage assimilation; approaches in the delivery of services and supports that ignore cultural strengths; institutional attitudes that blame consumers - individuals or families - for their circumstances;

Cultural pre-competence is a level of awareness within systems or organizations of their strengths and areas for growth to respond effectively to culturally and linguistically diverse populations. Characteristics include but are not limited to: the system or organization expressly values the delivery of high quality services and supports to culturally and linguistically diverse populations; commitment to human and civil rights; hiring practices that support a diverse workforce

Cultural competence: Systems and organizations that exemplify cultural competence demonstrate an acceptance and respect for cultural differences and they:

Cultural proficiency: Systems and organizations hold culture in high esteem, use this a foundation to guide all of their endeavors, and they: Continue to add to the knowledge base within the field of cultural and linguistic competence by conducting research and developing new treatments, interventions, and approaches for health and mental care in policy, education, and the delivery of care.

58
Q

What are the 6 values and ethics for conducting research for Indigenous and Torres Strait Islanders?

A
  1. Reciprocity
  2. Respect
  3. Equality
  4. Responsibility
  5. Survival and protection
  6. Spirit and Integrity
59
Q

What is the value of reciprocity?

A

A mutual obligation exist among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders and communities to achieve an equitable distrubtion of resources, responsibility and capacity and to achieve cohesion and survival of the social order

60
Q

What is the value of respect?

A

Respect for human dignity and worth as a characteristic of relationships between people, and in the way indiviuals behave, is fundamental to a functioning and moral society

61
Q

What is the value of equality?

A
  • Equal value of people

- Commitment to distributive fairness and justice

62
Q

What is the value of responsibility?

A
  • Recognition of core responsibilities
  • Include those to country, kinship bonds, caring for others and maintenance of harmony
  • Do no harm
63
Q

What is the value of survival and protection?

A
  • Continue to act to protect their cultures and identity from erosin by colonisation
  • Importance of collective identity
64
Q

What is the value of spirit and integrity?

A
  • Overreaching value that binds all others into a coherent whole

TWO COMPONENTS:

  • The first is about the continuity between past, current and future generations
  • Second is about behaviour, which maintains the coherence of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander values and cultures
  • Any behaviour that deminish any of the previous 5 values could not be described as having intergity

Indigenous and Cross Cultures (2 decks)

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