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Irish for Beginners > Exam Prep > Flashcards

Exam Prep Flashcards

Specific things to review

1
Q

Irish Word Order

A

Vern-Subject-Object (VSO)
[Scíobhann sé litir : Writes he letter]

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2
Q

Séimhiú

A

adding an ‘h’ after the first letter
[p, t, c, b, d, g, f –> ph, th, ch, bh, dh, gh, fh, sh, mh]

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3
Q

Letters that get a Séimhiú

A

p, t, c, b, d, g, f
[ph, th, ch, bh, dh, gh, fh]

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4
Q

Urú

A

Adding a letter at the beginning of a word
[p, t, c, b, d, g, f = bp, dt, gc, mb, nd, ng, bhf]

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5
Q

Letters that get an Urú

A

p=bp
t=dt
c=gc
b=mb
d=nd
g=ng
f=bhf
[only the first letter is pronounced]

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6
Q

Vocative Case

A

Addressing people directly by name or title. Changes male Gaelic-type names by adding an <i> before the final consonant</i>

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7
Q

‘Hello, Séamus’ in the vocative case =

A

Dia duit, a Shéamais

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8
Q

‘I’ first person, singular

A

mé

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9
Q

‘you’ second person, singular

A

tú

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10
Q

‘he’ third person, masculine, singular

A

sé

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11
Q

‘she’ third person, feminine, singular

A

sí

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12
Q

‘we’ first person, plural

A

muid / sinn

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13
Q

‘you all’ second person, plural

A

sibh

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14
Q

‘them’ third person, plural

A

siad

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15
Q

Slender Vowel

A

e, i

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16
Q

Broad Vowel

A

a, u, o

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17
Q

Slender with Slender, Broad with Broad

A

Pairing consonant sounds to the vowels they are placed by. Consonants next to <e, i> are slender and those next to <a, u, o> and broad

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18
Q

‘my’ first person, singular

A

mo[séimhiú]

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19
Q

‘your’ second person, singular

A

do[séimhiú]

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20
Q

‘his’ third person, masculine, singular

A

a[séimhiú]

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21
Q

‘her’ third person, feminine, singular

A

a
[does not create a modification]

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22
Q

‘our’ first person, plural

A

ár[urú]

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23
Q

‘your’ second person, plural

A

bhur[urú]

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24
Q

‘their’ third person, plural

A

a[urú]

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25
Q

plural possessive nouns all cause:

A

Urú
[plural and urú sound similar]

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26
Q

nearly all singular possessive nouns cause:

A

Séimhiú
[S, Singular, Séimhiú]

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27
Q

The one singular possessive noun that does NOT cause a séimhiú:

A

feminine, third person, singular: ‘a’

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28
Q

‘me’ first person, singular pronoun

A

mé

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29
Q

‘you’ second person, singular pronoun

A

tú

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30
Q

‘him’ third person, masculine, singular pronoun

A

é

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31
Q

‘her’ third person, feminine, singular pronoun

A

í

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32
Q

‘us’ first person, plural pronoun

A

muid

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33
Q

‘you all’ second person, plural pronoun

A

sibh

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34
Q

‘them’ third person, plural pronoun

A

iad

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35
Q

Is ea

A

It is

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36
Q

Ní hea

A

It isn’t

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37
Q

emphatic pronoun, 1st person singular

A

mise

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38
Q

emphatic pronoun, 2nd person singular

A

tusa

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39
Q

emphatic pronoun, 3rd person singular, masculine

A

eisean

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40
Q

emphatic pronoun, 3rd person singular, feminine

A

ise

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41
Q

emphatic pronoun, 1st person, plural

A

muidne, sinne

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42
Q

emphatic pronoun, 2nd person, plural

A

sibhse

43
Q

emphatic pronoun, 3rd person, plural

A

iadsan

44
Q

Irish doesn’t have the verb ‘to have’ instead it is phrased as:

A

___ is at ___.
x is at me = I have x = Tá x agam.

45
Q

ag, 1st person singular “at me”

A

agam

46
Q

ag, 2nd person singular “at you”

A

agat

47
Q

ag, 3rd person singular, masculine, “at him”

A

aige

48
Q

ag, 3rd person singular, feminine, “at her”

A

aici

49
Q

ag, 1st person plural, “at us”

A

againn

50
Q

ag, 2nd person plural, “at you all”

A

agaibh

51
Q

ag, 3rd person plural “at them”

A

acu

52
Q

le, 1st person singular, “with me”

A

liom

53
Q

le, 2nd person singular, “with you”

A

leat

54
Q

le, 3rd person singular, masculine, “with him”

A

leis

55
Q

le, 3rd person singular, feminine, “with her”

A

léi

56
Q

le, 1st person plural, “with us”

A

linn

57
Q

le, 2nd person plural, “with you all”

A

libh

58
Q

le, 3rd person plural, “with them”

A

leo

59
Q

Weak plurals

A

Either slenderize the final consonant or add -a. Changes happen within the word and the word stays about the same size.
[amhrán ‘song’ –> amhráin ‘songs’]

60
Q

Strong plurals

A

Add extra syllable(s) such as -(e)anna, -(a)i, -(a)ithe.
[rang ‘class’ –> ranganna ‘classes’]

61
Q

‘an’ is the singular definite article “the.” the plural of ‘an’ is

A

Na
[an rang vs. na ranganna]

62
Q

Present tense, first conjugation qualifiers

A

1) one syllable, 2) end in -áil, 3) end in -áin, -óil, and -úir

63
Q

Present tense, second conjugation qualifiers

A

1) multiple syllables, 2) ending in -(a)igh, -(a)il, -(a)ir, and -(a)is

64
Q

Present tense, first conjugation formation pattern

A

Root: Sábháil ‘save’
1st sg: root + -(a)im [sábhálaim; ‘I save’]
1st pl: root + -(a)imid [sábhálaimid; ‘we save’]
2nd/3rd sg/pl: root + -(a)íonn + pronoun [sábhálann tú; ‘you save’]

65
Q

Present tense, second conjugation formation pattern

A

1st sg: root + -(a)im
1st pl: root + -(a)ímid
2nd/3rd sg/pl: root + -(a)íonn + pronoun
[ceannaigh ‘buy’ - ceannaím ‘I buy’, ceannaímid ‘we buy’]
{foghlaim ‘learn’ - foghlaimím ‘I learn’, foghlaimímid ‘we learn’}

66
Q

using bí to express:

A

something which is habitually or continuously the case

67
Q

forms of bí

A

bím, bímid, bíonn tú/sé/sí/sibh/siad
[eg. Bím ann = I’m there all the time]

68
Q

I am [often/always] writing

A

Bím ag scríobh

69
Q

Forming the past tense

A

Apply séimhiú to any consonant-initial root and add pronoun
[cheannaigh siad - ‘they bought’]
Prefix d’ to any vowel initial root and add pronoun
[d’inis mé - ‘I told’]
Prefix d’ to any fh initial root and add pronoun
[d’fhoghlaim sí = ‘she learned’]

70
Q

Past tense interrogative and negative particles:

A

ar[séimhiú]
níor[séimhiú]

71
Q

Ar cheannaigh tú leabhar? [Did you buy a book? with past tense interrogative particle ‘ar’] response:

A

Cheannaigh [did buy]
OR
Níor cheannaigh [did not buy]

72
Q

An attributive adjective:

A

directly modifies a noun, e.g. fear maith ‘a good man.’ these come after the noun

73
Q

A predicative adjective:

A

is linked with a verb to the noun it describes, e.g. Is maith an fear é ‘he is a good man’

74
Q

Use níos before the comparative for a basic sense of ‘more’ or ‘-er’
Use ná like ‘than’

A

Tá an bord seo níos airde ná an ceann sin.
“This table is taller than that one”

75
Q

Use is before the comparative for the sense ‘most’

A

an bord is airde
‘the highest table’

76
Q

Positive adjectives with the preposition ‘le’ to express how you feel about something

A

is maith liom é : ‘i like it’
is fearr liom é sin : ‘i prefer that’

77
Q

Positive adjectives:

A

maith ; good ~ like
breá ; fine, grand ~ really like
aoibhinn ; lovely ~ love, adore

78
Q

Negative adjectives:

A

olc ; bad, evil ~ dislike
oth ; regret(ted) ~ regret
fuath ; hat(r)ed ~ hate

79
Q

féidir

A

possible
is féidir liom/leat/leis/etc = ‘I/you/he/etc can’

80
Q

Nominative feminine singular adjectives:

A

Séimhiú
bean mhaith ‘good woman’

81
Q

Nominative masculine singular adjectives:

A

no change

82
Q

Nominative feminine plural adjectives:

A

add vowel (a or e)
mná maithe ‘good women’

83
Q

Nominative masculine plural adjectives:

A

Add vowel (a or e) + Séimhiú after slender consonants
tithe maithe ‘good houses’
fir mhaithe ‘ good men’

84
Q

Genitive feminine singular adjectives:

A

add vowel (a or e)
mná maithe ‘of a good woman’

85
Q

Genitive masculine singular adjectives:

A

Séimhiú
fir mhaith ‘of a good man’

86
Q

Genitive plural adjectives (both feminine and masculine):

A

Strong plural nouns: Add vowel (a or e)
na dtithe maithe ‘of the good houses’
Weak plural nouns: No change
na mban maith ‘of the good women’

87
Q

For verbal adjectives (past participles): verbs ending in -ch, -d, -l, -n, -s get

A

-ta/-te
e.g. deán –> deánta
(do –> done)

88
Q

For verbal adjectives (past participles): verbs ending in -b(h), -g, -c, -m(h), -p, -r get:

A

-tha/-thé
e.g. íoc –> íoctha
(pay –> paid)

89
Q

For verbal adjectives (past participles): verbs ending in -bh/-mh + -tha is now written as:

A

-fa
in order to simplify reading.
e.g. scríobhtha –> scríofa

90
Q

Perfect participles can be expressed by

A

using the verbal adjectives with the ‘have’ construction bí + ag
e.g; Tá sé scríofa agam: “I have written it”
Bhí sé scríofa agam: “I had written it”

91
Q

to construct an adverb:

A

form verb with the particle ‘go’
maith - good / go maith - well
éifeachtach - effective / go héifeachtach - effectively

92
Q

Verbal adjective prefixe Do[séimhiú]

A

Difficult, impossible
e.g; dodhéanta - difficult/impossible to do.
dofheicthe - invisible, unseeable

93
Q

Verbal adjective prefix So[séimhiú]

A

Easily, readily
e.g; sodhéanta - easily done
sofheicthe - visible, able to be seen easily

94
Q

Verbal adjective prefix In[séimhiú]

A

-able
e.g; indéanta - doable, feasible
infheicthe - seeable, viewable

95
Q

Forming future tense with first conjugation verbs

A

add -f(a)idh, matching whether the final consonant of the verb is slender or broad + pronoun
Scríobh - scríobhfaidh mé (I will write)
Léigh - léifidh tú (you will read)

96
Q

Forming future tense with second conjugation verbs

A

add -eoidh/-óidh + pronoun
Cosain - cosnóidh mé (I will protect)
Inis - inseoidh tú (You will tell)

97
Q

to express ‘to’ the construct is:

A

[target noun/verb] a [verbal noun]
e.g.
Tá mé chun rud éigint a dhéanamh - I am going to do something (~something to do)
Tá sí chun deoch a fháil - she is going to get a drink (~a drink to get)
Scríobhfaidh mé chucu chun eolas a fháil - I will write to them to get information (~info to get)

98
Q

Subordinate complementizer “that”

A

go[urú] - the copula /is/ uses gur
Sílim go bhfuil sé chun imeacht - “I think /that/ he’s going to leave”
Sílim gur (go+is) math léi seacláid - “I think /that/ she likes chocolate”

99
Q

Subordinate complementizer “that/which/who”

A

a
Dependent version = a[séimhiú]: has the same subject as the main clause
e.g; an fear a chanann amhráin - “the man who sings songs”
Independent version = a[urú]: has a different subject to the matrix clause
e.g; an fear a gcanann a mhac amhráin - “the man whose son sings songs”

100
Q

Negative version of ‘Go relative’:

A

nach[urú]
Sílim nach bhfuil sé chun imeacht - “I think that he isn’t going to leave”

101
Q

Negative version of ‘direct A relative’:

A

nach[urú]
an fear nach gcanann amhráin - “the man who doesn’t sing songs”

102
Q

Negative version of ‘indirect A relative’:

A

nach[urú]
An fear nach gcanann a mhac amhráin - “the man whose son doesn’t sing songs”

103
Q

Negative version of ‘Is relative’:

A

nach
Sílim nach maith leo a chéile - “I think that they don’t like each other”

104
Q

Expressing need or obligation

A

Bí + ar, for verbs = Tá orm aiste a scríobh - “I have to write an essay”
Caithfidh + subject pronoun, for verbs = Csithfidh mé fáil amach - “I have to find out”
Is gá + do + v.n, for verbs = Is gá dom imeacht - “I need to leave”
Bí + de dhíth, (ar), for nouns = Tá cuidiú de dhith (orm) - “help is necessary” / “I need help”

Irish for Beginners (38 decks)

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