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Intro to Massage Theory and Techniques > Exam Prep > Flashcards

Exam Prep Flashcards

1
Q

What does muscle insertion refer to?

A

The muscle insertion is attached to the more mobile bone, usually more distal

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2
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

Kyphosis is the hunchback of the spine. Kyphosis is defined as a curvature of the spine measuring 50 degrees or greater on an X-ray

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3
Q

What is more superior, the nose or the knees?

A

Nose

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4
Q

What is inflammation?

A

Response to tissue damage or threat of invasion by antigens.

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5
Q

What is inflammation triggered by? (4)

A
  • physical trauma
  • hormones
  • invasion with foreign bodies
  • autoimmune activity
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6
Q

What is the purpose of inflammation?

A

Protect from pathogenic invasion, limit contamination, prepare damaged area for healing

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7
Q

Common causes of tissue damage?

A
  • trauma
  • infection
  • surgery
  • immune responses
  • ischemic damage
  • chemical/radiation damage
  • extreme heat/cold
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8
Q

What is vasoconstriction ?

A

The constriction of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure.. Vasoconstriction is short lived, and protective

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9
Q

Mast cells?

A
  • located in tissues vulnerable to injury

- release histamines to prolong inflammatory response

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10
Q

Monocytes and macrophages?

A

WBC’s
Monocytes: large, white, mobile blood cells
Macrophages: permanently fixed monocytes
associated with end stage inflammation, clean up debris

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11
Q

What year did the Society of Trained Masseuses begin?

A

1895

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12
Q

What year was massage introduced as it’s own profession in the US?

A

1917

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13
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

Widening of blood vessels. Caused by chemicals released by endothelium and mast cells.

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14
Q

What does vasodilation do?

A
  • increases permeability of capillaries
  • reinforces capillary dilation
  • attracts platelets
  • slows blood away from the area
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15
Q

What are the components of inflammation?

A
  • vascular: vasoconstriction and vasodilation
  • cellular: endothelial cells, platelets, WBC’s
  • chemical mediators
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16
Q

Lymphocytes?

A
  • work with macrophages to clean up debris
  • promote scar tissue
  • angiogenesis (new blood vessels)
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17
Q

Fibroblasts?

A
  • produce collagen

- drawn to local blood clots, proliferate (increase rapidly) to form new scar tissue

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18
Q

Granulocytes?

A
  • smallest, fastest
  • neutrophils first on the scene for bacterial infection, musculoskeletal injury
  • eosinophils for allergies, parasites
  • basophils for allergies and histamine release
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19
Q

What are the 3 types of granulocytes?

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
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20
Q

What are the 2 types of healing?

A

Primary/ 1st intention: occurs when there is some tissue loss, wound edges are approximated
Secondary/ 2nd intention: occurs when there is extensive tissue loss, wound edges do not meet/ cannot be brought together easily. Healing takes longer

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21
Q

What takes longer to heal, Primary/ 1st intention or secondary/2nd intention healing?

A

Secondary/ 2nd intention healing takes longer

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22
Q

What are the stages of healing? (4)

A

Acute
Subacute
post acute/ late acute
chronic inflammation

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23
Q

What happens in the acute stage of healing?

A
  • damaged cells release chemicals
  • edema develops
  • platelets, early WBC’s arrive
  • tissue exudate (pus, fluid) begins to form
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24
Q

How long is the acute stage?

A

Depends on severity, 1-3 days usually

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25
Q

What is the subacute stage also called?

A

proliferate stage

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26
Q

What happens in the subacute stage?

A
  • cells accumulate to fill in damaged area: endothelial cells fill in to grow new capillaries, fibroblasts create collagen fibers
  • slower WBC’s arrive to start cleanup
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27
Q

How long is the subacute stage?

A

depends, early subacute is usually 2 days to 3 weeks

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28
Q

What happens in the post acute/ late acute stage?

A

-collagen becomes denser and aligns according to force

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29
Q

What is the post/ late acute stage also called?

A

maturation stage

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30
Q

How long does the post/ late acute stage last?

A

generally the 2nd to 3rd week of the subacute stage

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31
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A

-Happens when the inflammatory process is not successful

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32
Q

What does chronic inflammation cause?

A
  • pathogens/ irritants are not removed (leads to cysts, abscesses)
  • extensive scar tissue interferes with organ function (sinuses of fistula develop)
  • musculoskeletal structures never regain full function (tendinosis)
  • excessive external scar tissue
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33
Q

How long does chronic inflammation last?

A

overlaps latter part of subacute and can continue for up to 1-2 years

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34
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of inflammation? (5)

A
  • dolor (pain)
  • calor (heat)
  • rubor (redness)
  • tumor (swelling)
  • functio laesa (loss of function)
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35
Q

What is the acronym for signs and symptoms of inflammation?

A 
S:  swelling
H:  heat
A:  associated symptoms
R: redness
P: pain
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36
Q

How can massage benefit the tissue during maturation or post acute stage?

A
  • fluid turnover

- mechanical influence on scar tissue

37
Q

What would be massage goals in the subacute stage?

A
  • Goals: decreased inflammation, pain, swelling, spasms, maintaining ROM
  • can treat tissues peripheral but not distal to the injury
38
Q

What would be massage goals of post acute/ late subacute stage

A
  • decrease remaining edema
  • reduce trigger points, pain, adhesions
  • improve ROM and strength
39
Q

Massage goals of chronic inflammation?

A
  • reduce restrictive adhesions and trigger points
  • restore ROM and strength
  • treat compensatory areas
40
Q

How can you use deep pressure without being forceful?

A
  • work with clients breaths
  • work with tissue (be patient, )
  • work with body mechanics
41
Q

What are the 4T’s of palpation?

A
  • Tone
  • Texture
  • Tenderness
  • Temperature
42
Q

What is scar tissue?

A

Collagen based tissue that develops because of inflammatory process

43
Q

What are the causes of scar tissue?

A
  • inflammatory response due to wounds, burns, musculoskeletal trauma, inflammatory arthritides, or late stage osteoarthritis
  • prolonged immobilization
  • paralysis or paresis of a structure due to a PNS or CNS lesion
44
Q

What are the types of scar tissue? (8)

A
  • Contracture (shortening of CT over or around a joint)
  • adhesion (reduced ROM allows cross links to form along collagen fibers)
  • scar tissue adhesion (adhesions or contractures form in random pattern within or between skin, muscles, joints, tendons)
  • fibrotic adhesion (occurs in chronic inflammation)
  • irreversible contracture (fibrotic tissue or bone replaces muscle and CT)
  • proud flesh (thick, dermal, granulation… wound will not epithelize)
  • hypertrophic scarring (overgrowth of dermal tissue, collagen fibers are randomly organized)
  • keloid (extends beyond boundaries of original wound in a tumor like growth)
45
Q

What are the principles of massage?

A

proximal-distal-proximal
peripheral-central-peripheral
general-specific-general
superficial-deep-superficial

46
Q

What acts are applicable for informed consent?

A

HCCA (Health Care Consent Act)
PHIPA (Personal Health Information Act)
MTA (Massage Therapy Act)
SDA (Substitute Decision Makers Act)

47
Q

What does LORDFICARAHM stand for?

A 
Location
Onset
Radiating
Duration
Frequency
Intensity
Characteristic
Aggravating
Relieving
Associated signs and symptoms
History
Medication
48
Q

Who invented SOAP notes?

A

Dr. Lawrence Weed, 1950’s

49
Q

What are Swedish techniques?

A

Soft tissue techniques:

  • Stroking
  • Effleurage
  • Petrissage
  • Vibrations
  • Tapotement
50
Q

Effects & Uses of Stroking?

A

Uses: introductory/ closing. creates awareness and sense of connection of the body. temp differences can be palpated
Effects: Repetitive stroking is soothing, decreases sympathetic NS. reflexive effect on nervous system

51
Q

Effects and uses of effleurage?

A

Uses: spreads lubricant. intro to touch. palpation of tone, temp, texture
Effects: vary depending on rate, depth, rhythm. less pressure= more reflexive effect on circulation. more pressure= more mechanical effect on circulation. repetitive, sweeping effleurage increases venous and lymphatic return, increases local circulation and reduces edema

52
Q

Effects and Uses of Petrissage?

A

Used after tissue is warmed up, can be used to assess for adhesions
Effects: increase local circulation, muscle fiber and CT adhesions can be loosened, superficial fascia can be addressed, muscle hypertonicity can be reduced, can be soothing or stimulating

53
Q

Effects and uses of vibrations?

A

Used at any time, no lubricant necessary

Effects: create different stimulation, fine- soothing, can loosen mucus, decrease muscle tone

54
Q

Effects and uses of tapotement?

A

Uses: used any time, no lubricant needed
Effects: loosen mucus, heavy increases circulation, can be stimulating, if done for awhile can be soothing, heavy can elicit stretch reflex and increase tone

55
Q

Effects and uses of shaking?

A

Used on tight muscles, anytime during treatment

Effects: reduces muscle tone, confuse proprioceptors (awareness of surroundings), increases sensory input

56
Q

What is extension?

A

Straightening a joint. When you straighten your knee or elbow, for example, you increase the angle between the bones at these joints.

57
Q

What is flexion?

A

bending a joint. When you bend your knee or elbow, you decrease the angle of the bones at these joints.

58
Q

What is abduction?

A

Movement away from the center of your body. A good example is doing jumping jacks or lifting your arm or leg to get dressed.

59
Q

What is adduction?

A

Movement towards your body. Movement back to the center of the body. A good example is returning your arm to your side after waving or standing with your legs together.

60
Q

What ROM can the hip perform?

A
  • flexion
  • backward extension
  • abduction
  • adduction
  • Lateral rotation: (rotation away from the center of the body)
  • Medial rotation: (rotation towards the center of the body)
61
Q

What ROM can the knees perform?

A

Extension and flexion

62
Q

What ROM can the ankle perform?

A
  • plantar flexion (toes down, planting the foot)

- dorsal flexion (toes up)

63
Q

What ROM can the feet perform?

A

inversion (inward) and extension (outward)

64
Q

What ROM can the shoulder perform?

A 
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Lateral rotation
Medial rotation
65
Q

What ROM can the elbow perform?

A
  • Flexion
  • supination
  • pronation
66
Q

Anterior vs Posterior?

A

Anterior- front of the body

Posterior- back of the body

67
Q

What is Anterior also known as?

A

Ventral

68
Q

What is posterior also known as

A

dorsal

69
Q

Superior vs Inferior?

A

Superior means above, or towards the head

Inferior means below, or towards the feet

70
Q

Proximal vs Distal?

A

Used to describe location on same limb

Proximal is closer to where arm or leg inserts into body
Distal- further away from where arm or leg inserts into body

71
Q

Medial vs Lateral?

A

Medial- closer to the midline of the body

Lateral- further from the midline

72
Q

Sagittal plane?

A

Left and right portions, like a lengthwise cut

Can be mid-sagittal (through the middle) or para-sagittal (not even in midline)

73
Q

Frontal Plane?

A

Divides Anterior and Posterior

74
Q

Transverse plane?

A

Divides inferior and superior

75
Q

Landmark for back drape?

A

PSIS

76
Q

What are the draping landmarks, supine, for anterior leg?

A

Greater trochanter, ASIS

77
Q

What are the draping landmarks, supine, for abdomen?

A

ASIS, xiphoid process (inferior “sword-like” extension of sternum)

78
Q

What are the draping landmarks, prone, for posterior leg?

A

Greater trochanter

79
Q

What are the draping landmarks, prone, for posterior leg including gluteals?

A

Iliac crest, lateral border of the sacrum

80
Q

What are the draping landmarks, sidelying, for back?

A

PSIS

81
Q

What does PSIS stand for?

A

posterior superior iliac spine

82
Q

What does ASIS stand for?

A

anterior superior iliac spine, bony prominence of iliac bone, aka hipbones

83
Q

SOAP stands for..

A

Subjective
Objective
Assessment/action
Plan

84
Q

Describe the S in SOAP notes

A

Subjective: Clients chief complaint, health history info, client info, results of other health care providers, effects of previous treatments, clients description of symptoms

85
Q

Describe the O in SOAP notes

A

Objective: Information based and focused on your observations, palpation findings, ROM testing, etc. Our assessments

86
Q

Describe the A in SOAP notes

A

Assessment/Action: Techniques used, what we did, the results of our techniques, results of assessments. Treatment provided

87
Q

Describe the P in SOAP notes

A

Plan: Home care, treatment goals/ plan, CI’s, referrals,, frequency of treatment, self care

88
Q

Elements needed for Informed Consent? (3)

A
  1. Competent choice
  2. Voluntary consent- no coercion or deceit
  3. Adequate, relevant, understood information
89
Q

What must you include for Informed consent?

A
  • Nature of treatment- outcome/purpose/ areas to be treated/ draping
  • Cautions/ contraindications
  • benefits
  • risks/ complications
  • consequences
  • empowerment- can stop/modify at any time
  • client care
  • alternatives- health care possibilities
  • opportunity for questions
  • specific request “do I have consent for treatment”

Intro to Massage Theory and Techniques (2 decks)

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