Exam practice Flashcards
diffusion
the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the red blood cells
virulence
ability to produce disease
incubation period
interval between entrance of pathogen into body and appearance of first symptoms
prodromal stage
interval from onset of nonspecific signs and symptoms to more specific symptoms
illness stage
interval when patient manifest signs and symptoms specific to type of infection
convalescence
interval when acute symptoms of infection disappear
skin
provides barrier to microorganisms and antibacterial activity
suprainfection
develops when braod-spectrum antibiotics eliminate a wide range of normal flora organisms, not just those causing infection
serous
clear, like plasma fluid
sanguineous
containing blood
puruelent
containing WBCs and bacteria, yellow to green
granulation tissue
granulation tissue is not as strong as tissue collagen and assumes the form of scar tissue
iatrogenic infections
type of HAI from a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure. such as a bronchchoscopy and treatment with broad[spectrum antibiotics increase risk for certain infections
exogenous infection
comes from microorganisms found outside the individual
endogenous infection
occurs when part of th patients flra becomes altered and an overgrowth results, can happen after broad specturum antibiotic is given
immune senescence
age-related immune system decreases
after 70 older adults are more likely to form autoantibodies that
attack their own body instead of infections
wound specimen collection
clean site with sterile water or saline before wound specimen collected. use cotton-tipped swab or syringe to collect fluid
blood specimen
perform a venipuncture at two different sites at two different times, 15 to 30 mins apart, to decrease lilkielhood of both specimens being contaminated with skin flora
stool specimen
use a tongue blade to collect a small amount from pts bed pan, do not touch surface of cup when transferring stool
urine specimen
use sterile cup to collect 1 to 5 ml of urine
chemical name
provides an exact desiption of its composition and molecular structure
generic name
example acetaminophen is for Tylenol, becomes the official name for publications
medication classification
indicates the effect of the medication on a body system, the symptoms the medication relieves, or its desired effect
beta2-adrenergic
used for asthma patients, classification that contains at least eight different medications
elixir form
clear fluid containing water and or alcohol, often sweetend
highly lipid-soluible medications
cross cell membranes easily and are absorbed quickly
Blood flow effects medication how
richer blood flow makes it easier for medication to absorb
membrane permeability
to be distributed to an organ a medication has to pass thorugh all of the the tissues anbiological membranes of the organe
blood-brain barrier only allows
fat-soluble medications to pass into the brain and cerebral spinal fluid
CNS infections require what type of trement
injection of antibiotics directly into the subarachnoid space in the spinal cord
albumin effect on medication
medications partialy bind to albumin making that part of the chemical not be able to exert is purpse but the parts that are not binded are free. older people have less albumin so they are at more risk for toxicity
biotransformation
occurs under the influence of enzymes that detoxify and remove biologically active chemicals, most biotranssformations occur in the liver
exocrine glands help eliminate what
excrete lipid soluble medications
therapeutic effect
the expected or predicted physiological response to a medication
naloxone
an opioid antagonist, reverses the effects of opiod toxicity
idiosyncratic reaction
medications sometimes cause unpredictable effects
medication interaction
one medication modifies the action of another
synergistic effect
the combined effect of two medications is greater that he effect of the medications when given separately,
Alcohol is synergistic with
antihistamines, antidepressants, barbiturates, and narcotic analgesics
patient with high bp can take
diuretics and vasodilarors that act together to control the blood pressure when one medication is not effective on its own
trough level is generally drawn how many minutes before administering the drug
30 minutes
the peak level is drawn whenever the drug is
expected to reach its peak concentration, this varies depending on the medication
time critical medications
within 30 minutes before or after scheduled administration time
non time critical medications are given
1 to 2 hours before or after scheduled time
parenteral administaration
involves injecting a medication into body tissues
four major sites of injections
- intradermal (ID): injection into the dermis just under epidermis
- Subcutaneous: injection into tissues just below the dermis of the skin
- Intramuscluar
- Intravenous
polypharmacy
happens when a patients takes two or more medications to treat the same illness
allopathic medicine
conventional western medicine
diffusion
passive movement of electrolytes or other particles down the concentration gradient
reflex incontinence
damage to the spinal cord above the sacral reginion, causes loss of voluntary control of urination
uremic syndrome
an increase in nitrogenous wastes in the blood, marked fluid, and electrolyte abnormalities, nausea, vomiting, headache, coma, and convulsions are all characteristics
renal replacement therapies
used when the uremc symptoms worsen, need it for survival
hyperactive or overactive bladder
associated with indivauals of all ages, but older adulsts are more likely to have incontinence associated with it following physical and cognitive decline, occurs from sudden involuntary contraction of the muscles of the urinary bladder
sudden contractions of the bladder muscles causing need to void
urge incontinec
nephrostomy
urinary drainage directly from one or both kidneys, tube is placed directly into the renal pelvis
three pressure related factors contribute to pressure ulcer develpment
pressure intensity, pressure duration, and tissue tolerance
risk factors for pressure ulcer development
impaired sensory perception, impaired mobility, alteration in level of consciousness, shear, friction, moisture
stage I pressure ulcer
nonblanchable redness of intact skin,
stage II
partial thickness skin loss or blister, presents as shiny or dry shallow ulcer without slough or brusing
stage III full thickness skin loss
subcutaneous fat may be visible but nothing else, slough may begin to be present along with tunneling
stage IV full thickness
exposed bone, tendon, or muscle, slough or eschar may be present, tunneling is common
