Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Intro to Sociology > Exam One - Terms > Flashcards

Exam One - Terms Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Antipositivism

A

The view that social researchers should strive for subjectivity as they worked to represent social processes, cultural norms, and societal values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Conflict Theory

A

A theory that looks at society as a competition for limited resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Constructivism

A

An extension of symbolic interaction theory which proposes that reality is what humans cognitively construct it to be

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Culture

A

A group’s shared practices, values, and beliefs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Dramaturgical Analysis

A

A technique sociologists use in which they view society through the metaphor of theatrical performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium

A

A stable state in which all parts of a healthy society work together properly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Dsyfunctions

A

Social patterns that have undesirable consequences for the operation of society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Figuration

A

The process of simultaneously analyzing the behavior of an individual and the society that shapes that behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Function

A

The part a recurrent activity plays in the social life as a whole and the contribution it makes to structural continuity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Functionalism

A

A theoretical approach that sees society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of individuals that make up that society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Generalized Others

A

The organized and generalized attitude of a social group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Grand Theories

A

An attempt to explain large-scale relationships and answer fundamental questions such as why societies form and why they change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable proposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Latent Functions

A

The unrecognized or unintended consequences of a social process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Macro-level

A

A wide-scale view of the role of social structures within a society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Manifest Functions

A

Sought consequences of a social process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Micro-level Theories

A

The study of specific relationships between individuals or small groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Paradigms

A

Philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Positivism

A

The scientific study of social patterns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Qualitative Sociology

A

In-depth interviews, focus groups, and/or analysis of content sources as the source of its data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Quantitative Sociology

A

Statistical methods such as surveys with large numbers of participants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Reification

A

An error of treating an abstract concept as though it has a real, material existence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Significant Others

A

Specific individuals that impact a person’s life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Social Facts

A

The laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashions, rituals, and all of the cultural rules that govern social life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Social Institutions

A

Patterns of beliefs and behaviors focused on meeting social needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Social Solidarity

A

The social ties that bind a group of people together such as kinship, shared location, and religion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Society

A

A group of people who live in a defined geographical area who interact with one another and who share a common culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Sociological Imagination

A

The ability to understand how your own past relates to that of other people, as well as to history in general and societal structures in particular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Sociology

A

The systematic study of society and social interaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

A

A theoretical perspective through which scholars examine the relationship of individuals within their society by studying their communication (language and symbols)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Theory

A

A proposed explanation about social interactions or society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Content Analysis

A

A way of analyzing a body of literature and doing statistical analysis of certain words and terms within it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Survey

A

Collects data from subjects who respond to a series of questions about behaviors and opinions, often in the form of a questionnaire or an interview

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Random Sample

A

Every person in a population has the same chance of being chosen for the study. As a result, a Gallup Poll, if conducted as a nationwide random sampling, should be able to provide an accurate estimate of public opinion whether it contacts 2,000 or 10,000 people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Quantitative Data

A

Where people answer a series of closed-ended questions, the researcher might ask yes-or-no or multiple-choice questions, allowing subjects to choose possible responses to each question. This kind of questionnaire collects ____________-—data in numerical form that can be counted and statistically analyzed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Qualitative Data

A

Some topics that investigate internal thought processes are impossible to observe directly and are difficult to discuss honestly in a public forum. People are more likely to share honest answers if they can respond to questions anonymously. This type of personal explanation is_______________—conveyed through words rather than numbers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Beliefs

A

Tenets or convictions that people hold to be true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Countercultures

A

Groups that reject and oppose society’s widely accepted cultural patterns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Cultural Imperialism

A

The deliberate imposition of one’s own cultural values on another culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

The practice of assessing a culture by its own standards, and not in comparison to another culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Cultural Universals

A

Patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Culture Lag

A

The gap of time between the introduction of material culture and nonmaterial culture’s acceptance of it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Culture Shock

A

An experience of personal disorientation when confronted with an unfamiliar way of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Diffusion

A

The spread of material and nonmaterial culture from one culture to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Discoveries

A

Things and ideas found from what already exists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The practice of evaluating another culture according to the standards of one’s own culture

47
Q

Folkways

A

Direct, appropriate behavior in the day-to-day practices and expressions of a culture

48
Q

Formal Norms

A

Established, written rules

49
Q

Globalization

A

The integration of international trade and finance markets

50
Q

High Culture

A

The cultural patterns of a society’s elite

51
Q

Ideal Culture

A

The standards a society would like to embrace and live up to

52
Q

Informal Norms

A

Casual behaviors that are generally and widely conformed to

53
Q

Innovations

A

New objects or ideas introduced to culture for the first time

54
Q

Inventions

A

A combination of pieces of existing reality into new forms

55
Q

Language

A

A symbolic system of communication

56
Q

Material Culture

A

The objects or belongings of a group of people

57
Q

Mores

A

The moral views and principles of a group

58
Q

Nonmaterial Culture

A

The ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society

59
Q

Norms

A

The visible and invisible rules of conduct through which societies are structured

60
Q

Popular Culture

A

Mainstream, widespread patterns among a society’s population

61
Q

Real Culture

A

The way society really is based on what actually occurs and exists

62
Q

Sanctions

A

A way to authorize or formally disapprove of certain behaviors

63
Q

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

A

The way that people understand the world based on their form of language

64
Q

Social Control

A

A way to encourage conformity to cultural norms

65
Q

Society

A

People who live in a definable community and who share a culture

66
Q

Subcultures

A

Groups that share a specific identification, apart from a society’s majority, even as the members exist within a larger society

67
Q

Symbols

A

Gestures or objects that have meanings associated with them that are recognized by people who share a culture

68
Q

Values

A

A culture’s standard for discerning what is good and just in society

69
Q

Xenocentrism

A

A belief that another culture is superior to one’s own

70
Q

Achieved Status

A

The status a person chooses, such as a level of education or income

71
Q

Agricultural Societies

A

Societies that rely on farming as a way of life

72
Q

Alienation

A

An individual’s isolation from his society, his work, and his sense of self

73
Q

Anomie

A

A situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness

74
Q

Ascribed Status

A

The status outside of an individual’s control, such as sex or race

75
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

The owners of the means of production in a society

76
Q

Capitalism

A

A way of organizing an economy so that the things that are used to make and transport products (such as land, oil, factories, ships, etc.) are owned by individual people and companies rather than by the government

77
Q

Class Consciousness

A

The awareness of one’s rank in society

78
Q

Collective Conscience

A

The communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society

79
Q

False Consciousness

A

A person’s beliefs and ideology that are in conflict with her best interests

80
Q

Feudal Societies

A

Societies that operate on a strict hierarchical system of power based around land ownership and protection

81
Q

Habitualization

A

The idea that society is constructed by us and those before us, and it is followed like a habit

82
Q

Horticultural Societies

A

Societies based around the cultivation of plants

83
Q

Hunter-Gatherer Societies

A

Societies that depend on hunting wild animals and gathering uncultivated plants for survival

84
Q

Industrial Societies

A

Societies characterized by a reliance on mechanized labor to create material goods

85
Q

Information Societies

A

Societies based on the production of nonmaterial goods and services

86
Q

Institutionalization

A

The act of implanting a convention or norm into society

87
Q

Iron Cage

A

A situation in which an individual is trapped by social institutions

88
Q

Looking-Glass Self

A

Our reflection of how we think we appear to others

89
Q

Mechanical Solidarity

A

A type of social order maintained by the collective consciousness of a culture

90
Q

Organic Solidarity

A

A type of social order based around an acceptance of economic and social differences

91
Q

Pastoral Societies

A

Societies based around the domestication of animals

92
Q

Proletariat

A

The laborers in a society

93
Q

Rationalization

A

A belief that modern society should be built around logic and efficiency rather than morality or tradition

94
Q

Role Conflict

A

A situation when one or more of an individual’s roles clash

95
Q

Role Performance

A

The expression of a role

96
Q

Role Strain

A

Stress that occurs when too much is required of a single role

97
Q

Role-Set

A

An array of roles attached to a particular status

98
Q

Roles

A

Patterns of behavior that are representative of a person’s social status

99
Q

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A

An idea that becomes true when acted upon

99
Q

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A

An idea that becomes true when acted upon

100
Q

Social-Integration

A

How strongly a person is connected to his or her social group

101
Q

Society

A

A group of people who live in a definable community and share the same culture

102
Q

Status

A

The responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to his or her rank and role in society

103
Q

Thomas Theorem

A

How a subjective reality can drive events to develop in accordance with that reality, despite being originally unsupported by objective reality

104
Q

Anticipatory Socialization

A

The way we prepare for future life roles

105
Q

Degradation Ceremony

A

The process by which new members of a total institution lose aspects of their old identities and are given new ones

106
Q

Hidden Curriculum

A

The informal teaching done in schools that socializes children to societal norms

107
Q

Moral Development

A

The way people learn what is “good” and “bad” in society

108
Q

Nature

A

The influence of our genetic makeup on self-development

109
Q

Nurture

A

The role that our social environment plays in self-development

110
Q

Peer Group

A

A group made up of people who are similar in age and social status and who share interests

111
Q

Resocialization

A

The process by which old behaviors are removed and new behaviors are learned in their place

112
Q

Self

A

A person’s distinct sense of identity as developed through social interaction

113
Q

Socialization

A

The process wherein people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society’s beliefs, and to be aware of societal values

Intro to Sociology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions