Exam One (Ch. 1&3)

Question 1

anthropology

Answer 1

study of humankind

Question 2

social science

Answer 2

3 purposes: to discover some truth, generalize truth to a large body of data, have some degree of predictability about that truth

Question 3

four major divisions of anthropology

Answer 3

archaeology: reconstruct human culture history through material remains.
linguistic: language and communication

cultural/ social: cultural and social history

physical anthropology: reconstruct biological and genetic history, how did it happen not who did it.

Question 4

applied anthropologist

Answer 4

someone who uses anthropological techniques and knowledge to prevent and solve problems in various parts of the world.

Question 5

paleolithic

Answer 5

cultural term, “old stone age”, it ended 3500 years ago

Question 6

pleistocene

Answer 6

geological, epic, “ice ages”, started 3 million years ago

Question 7

paleolithic time periods

Answer 7

lower (4 million years ago): 500 cc brain, australopithecine. Oldowan tool period (pebble stone tools, crude tools)

middle (2 million years ago): 1000 cc brain, homoerectus emerge (upright man), below the neck were the same as us but their heads were large, more primate like with more muscles. Made fire, used clothing. Had hand axes (Acheulean)

upper (3500 years ago: 1600 cc brain, neandrathal, cave dwellers, had flint tools that were more sophisticated (Mousterian), fire, clothing, language, cave paintings.

Question 8

Neanderthals

Answer 8

classic: thick, heavy, robust
modern: more like homosapiens

Question 9

New World

Answer 9

man is generally accepted as entering about 17000-22,000 years ago

Question 10

Native American origin theories (3)

Answer 10

Insitu- humans were created

Transiberian theory - came by wandering over the land bridge between Siberia and Alaska

Transpacific/ Atlantic - by boat

Question 11

3 stages of New World Prehistory

Answer 11

paleoindian (14000 years ago, petered out about 8,000 years) : clovis hunters (mammoth hunters)

protoarchaic (8000years ago to about 5000 years ago): old world big game hunters, first time you see tool variation

acrhaic (5000 years ago to about 2000 years ago): started seeing different and distinct tribes, settling in regions, bird points, fish bird and bug diets. started using everything in nature.

Question 12

culture

Answer 12

the beliefs, customs, arts, etc., of a particular society, group, place, or time

Question 13

major characteristics of culture

Answer 13

1. learned behavior, to humanize teach culture to children
2. culture is shared
3. culture is based on symbols
4. culture is integrated (4 components) : religion, economics, social, political

Question 14

religion

Answer 14

social: to maintain social control, group cohesion.
psychological: answers the question “why?”, gives humans a special place in the universe

Question 15

5 major production strategies

Answer 15

1. hunter/gatherer (10,000 years ago)
2. pastoral
   - domestication of animals
3. horticultural
   - plants
   - non-mechanized, human labor with tools
4. agriculture
   - plow culture
   - mechanized
5. industrial manufacturing
   - paycheck
   - helped woman get into the workforce

Question 16

distribution mechanisms

Answer 16

1. money market economy
   - market for consumers to buy
   - standardization of value to cash
2. reciprocity
   - gift giving and counter gift giving
   - wealth leveling
3. redistribution
   - administrative center where goods go and then redistributed to reach all parts.

Question 17

status

Answer 17

position created by society to perform a specific function

Question 18

role

Answer 18

behavior that goes with the status

Question 19

informal methods of control

Answer 19

embarrassing, laughing, etc. Not controlled by the law

Happens when a norm is violated

Question 20

formal method of control

Answer 20

Incarceration, death, etc.

Happens when a more, such as rape, murder, incest, etc. occurs.

Question 21

Robert Broom

Answer 21

discovered adult skeletons of adult Australopithecus in Africa.

Question 22

Raymond Dart

Answer 22

found the remnants of a 5 yr old africanus boy with remnant siggidal crest on the head, as well as super orbital ridge.

named it the “Taung child”, after where he found it.