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Chemistry 121 > Exam one Blocks 1-4 > Flashcards

Exam one Blocks 1-4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

a process of studying natural phenomena that involves making observations; defining laws; formulating, testing and evolving theories and accepting well tested theories and scientific premises.

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2
Q

What are the steps of the scientific method

A

Define the problem and make an observation
formulate a hypothesis supported by your data
test your hypothesis
develop a theory
test your theory

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3
Q

How is a natural aw discovered?

A

When an observable behavior can not be fully explained by a theory

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4
Q

What are the two types of data collected by scientific research?

A

Qualitative and quantitative

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5
Q

What is Qualitative data?

A

A general description that only give the identities of all players that are involved in the observed phenomena.

The “who”

A recipe that only lists the ingredients but not the quantity

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6
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

numbers that indicate the actual amounts of extent of the players involved

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7
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

a possible but not proven explanation for an observed behavior

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8
Q

What is a theory?

A

A well tested and experimentally proven explanation for a observed behavior.

A constantly evolving and experimentally proven hypothesis

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9
Q

What is a natural law?

A

A statement of generally observed behavior that describes what happens but makes no attempt to explain why.

i.e. the law of gravity

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10
Q

What is a scientific premise?

A

a theory that is assumed to be correct an is accepted as scientific fact

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11
Q

Explain the hypothesis loop

A

The repeating process of experimentation and data collection that leads to a theory or a natural law.

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12
Q

Explain the theory loop

A

The repetition of experimentation of a theory that allows it to evolve and gain accuracy with each repetition new data is collected coming closer and closer to a truth.

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13
Q

Explain the pyramid of scientific knowledge

A

the building of successive generations building from a scientific premise as each generation is added the original premise become more and more valid

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14
Q

Define Chemistry

A

The science that deals with the materials in the universe and the changes they undergo

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15
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that has mass and volume

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16
Q

Define mass

A

the amount of matter present in a sample

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17
Q

Define volume

A

the amount of space a sample occupies

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18
Q

What are the three states of matter?

A

Liquid
Solid
Gas

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19
Q

What are the properties of a solid?

A

has a definite shape and volue

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20
Q

What are the properties of a liquid?

A

Indefinite shape
definite volume
always adopts the shape of its container

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21
Q

What are the properties of a gas?

A

indefinite shape and volume

always completely fills its container adopting both its volume and shape

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22
Q

What determines which of the three physical states matter will be found in?

A

external conditions such as temperature and pressure

internal cohesive forces

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23
Q

What shape characteristics do the three states have?

A

Solid-Definie
liquid- indefinite
Gas- indifinite

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24
Q

What volume characteristics do the three states have?

A

Solid- Definite
liquid- definite
Gas- indefinite

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25
Q

particle space characteristics of the three states.

A

solid- least
liquid- in-between
Gas- most

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26
Q

freedom of movement characteristics of the three states.

A

Solid-least
liquid- in-between
gas- most

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27
Q

strength of internal cohesive force characteristics of the three states.

A

Solid - strongest
Liquid- inbetween
Gas- weakest

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28
Q

How vigorous are particle moments in the three states

A

Solid- weakest
Liquid- in-between
Gas-strongest

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29
Q

What are the temperature characteristics of the three states.

A

Solid- lowest
liquid- in-between
gas- highest

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30
Q

What are the two classifying properties of matter?

A

Physical and chemial

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31
Q

what are physical properties of matter?

A

Properties that can be observed without changing the basic identity or chemical composition of the substance.

odor, physical state, hardness

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32
Q

What are chemical properties of matter?

A

properties that describe the way a substance either undergoes or resists change to for a new substance.

oxidizing or resisting oxidation

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33
Q

What are the two types of changes in matter?

A

Physical and Chemical

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34
Q

What is a physical change

A

Any change that does not in any way change the chemical identity or properties of the object.

Breaking a stick of graphite

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35
Q

What is a chemical change?

A

A change that produces a new chemically different substance

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36
Q

what are the two classifications of matter?

A

Mixtures and Pure substances

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37
Q

what is a Mixture

A

a physical combination of two or more substances in which each substance retains its own unique chemical identity and properties

All mixtures can be separated by physical means into simpler substances

Nearly all substances found in nature are found in mixtures

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38
Q

What is distillation?

A

A physical means of separation. A variation of simple evaporation where the vapors are collected and re-condensed

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39
Q

what is sublimation?

A

is the phase transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through the intermediate liquid phase**. this can be used as a means of physical separation

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40
Q

What are the two types of mixtures?

A

Homogeneous and heterogeneous

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41
Q

When is a mixture Homogeneous?

A

When it visibly has only one distinct phase
has uniform properties
and can be separated by physical means

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42
Q

When is a mixture heterogeneous?

A

When two or more distinct phases are visibly present
The mixture does not have uniform properties throughout
it can be separated by physical means

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43
Q

What is a pure substance?

A

A type of matter that can not be separated into a simpler for by any physical means.
they display constant composition
and contain only a single substance
and sample will have identical chemical and physical properties

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44
Q

What are the two types of pure substances?

A

Elements and compounds

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45
Q

What is an element?

A

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances via any ordinary means

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46
Q

What is a compound?

A

a compound is a pure substance that CAN be broken down into simpler substances via ordinary means

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47
Q

Explain the law of definite proportions

A

The elements present in a given compound are chemically combined in fixed proportions. they always consist of the same elements combined in the same proportions

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48
Q

Define energy

A

The ability to do work

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49
Q

Is energy considered matter?

A

No

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50
Q

Why is energy important to chemists?

A

because all changes in matter both physical and chemical involve energy changes

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51
Q

Explain the Endothermic process

A

Processes and changes must be provided with extra energy from an external source.

i.e. a cold pack taking heat from a sprain

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52
Q

Explain the Exothermic process

A

Processes that produce energy

left with an excess of energy which must be released into the environment

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53
Q

what are the three quantitative measures of tempature

A

the amount of heat
amount of energy
capacity for doing work

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54
Q

Define Heat

A

the flow of energy due to temperature gradient

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55
Q

What direction does heat flow?

A

to the cooler area

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56
Q

What is a change in state?

A

a process which a substance is transformed from one physical state to another

57
Q

What are the six possible changes in state?

A 
Melting
Evaporation
Sublimation
Freezing
Condensation
Deposition
58
Q

What are the three Endothermic changes in state?

A

Melting
Evaporation
Sublimation

59
Q

What are the three Exothermic changes in state?

A

Freezing
Condensation
Deposition

60
Q

What is the inverse of melting? Endo or Exo

A

Freezing

Exo

61
Q

What is the inverse of evaporation? Endo or Exo

A

condensation

Exo

62
Q

What is the inverse of sublimation? Endo or Exo

A

Deposition

Exo

63
Q

What is the inverse of Freezing? Endo or Exo

A

Melting

Endo

64
Q

What is the inverse of condensation? Endo or Exo

A

Evaporation

Endo

65
Q

What is the inverse of Deposition? Endo or Exo

A

Sublimation

Endo

66
Q

How many know elements are there?

A

117

67
Q

What is the most abundant element in the universe by mass %?

A

Hydrogen

68
Q

What is the most abundant element on earth by mass %?

A

Oxygen

69
Q

Most abundant element in our bodies by atom %?

A

hydrogen

70
Q

Most abundant atom in our bodies by mass %?

A

Oxygen

71
Q

Define Atom

A

The smallest unit of an element that can exist and still retain all of the properties of that element

72
Q

Define Compound

A

A chemical combination of two or more elements

73
Q

Define Molecule

A

A group of two or more atoms that function as a single unit

74
Q

What is a Homoatomic Molecule?

A

a molecule that is composed of only one type of atom

75
Q

What is a Heteroatomic molecule?

A

A molecule that is composed of two or more types of atom

76
Q

Prefix for 2?

A

Diatomic

77
Q

Prefix for 3?

A

Triatomic

78
Q

Prefix for 4?

A

tetra-atomic

79
Q

Prefix for 5?

A

penta-atomic

80
Q

Prefix for 6?

A

Hexa-atompc

81
Q

Prefix for 7?

A

Hepta-atomic

82
Q

Prefix for 8?

A

Octa-Atomic

83
Q

Prefix for 9?

A

ennea-atomic

84
Q

Prefix for 10?

A

Deca-actomic

85
Q

Prefix for more than 4?

A

Polyatomic

86
Q

What is the Complete molecule classification for H20?

A

Heteroatomic

Triatomic

87
Q

What is the Complete molecule classification for C2

A

Homoatomic

Diatomic

88
Q

What are the 7 Diatomic elements?

A 
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Florine
Chlorine
Bromine
Iodine
89
Q

What is the symbol for the prefix giga-?

A

G

90
Q

What is the symbol for the prefix mega-?

A

M

91
Q

What is the symbol for the prefix kilo-?

A

k

92
Q

What is the symbol for the prefix centi-?

A

c

93
Q

What is the symbol for the prefix milli-?

A

m

94
Q

What is the symbol for the prefix micro-?

A

µ

95
Q

What is the symbol for the prefix nano-?

A

n

96
Q

What is the fundamental unit of length?

A

meter

97
Q

What is the fundamental unit of Mass?

A

gram

98
Q

What is the fundamental unit of Volume?

A

liter

99
Q

What is the mathematical meaning of giga?

A

1 billionth or 1x10^9

100
Q

What is the mathematical meaning of mega?

A

1 millionth or 1X10^6

101
Q

What is the mathematical meaning of kilo?

A

1 thousand or 1X10^3

102
Q

What is the mathematical meaning of centi?

A

one hundredth or 1X10^-2

103
Q

What is the mathematical meaning of milli?

A

one thousandth or 1X10^-3

104
Q

What is the mathematical meaning of micro?

A

one millionth 1X10-6

105
Q

What is the mathematical meaning of nano?

A

one billionth or 1X10^-9

106
Q

When are measurements exact?

A

never

107
Q

What is the formula for density?

A

Mass over volume

108
Q

What is standard room temp in Celcius

A

25 degrees C

109
Q

What is the density of pure water at 25C?

A

1g per milliliter

110
Q

What do we call materials that don’t form homogeneous mixtures?

A

They are immiscible.

111
Q

When was Fr discovered?

A

1939

112
Q

What do we call materials that do form homogeneous mixtures?

A

miscible

113
Q

What are two units that heat is measured in?

A

Calories or joules

114
Q

How do we define calorie

A

the amount of energy it takes to raise the temp of 1g of water by 1 degrees C

115
Q

What is the conversion for Calories to joules?

A

1.000 cal = 4.184 joules

116
Q

Convert calories to dietetic calories

A

1 dietary calorie (Cal) = 1000 calories (cal)

117
Q

What is the charge of a proton?

A

positive

118
Q

What is the charge of a neutron?

A

neutral

119
Q

What is the charge of electrons?

A

negative

120
Q

What are the 4 fundamental forces of nature?

A

Gravity
Electrical/magnetic
weak nuclear force
Strong nuclear force

121
Q

What does the strong nuclear force do?

A

it holds the nucleus of atoms together

122
Q

What does the weak nuclear force do?

A

holds the electrons to the atom

123
Q

What charge do all atoms have?

A

Neutral

124
Q

What are nucleons?

A

protons and neutrons

125
Q

of the 117 known elements, how many are naturally occurring?

A

94

126
Q

how many of the naturally occurring elements are radioactive?

A

36

127
Q

what is the only part of an atom that is involved in chemical reactions?

A

electrons

128
Q

What is charge neutrality?

A

All atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons so they have the same number of positive and negative charges effectively creating a charge of zero

129
Q

What is an atom called when its number of neutrons differ from its protons?

A

isotope or nuclides

130
Q

How many isotopes do most elements naturally have?

A

2 to 10

131
Q

how many naturally occurring isotopes are there?

A

200-300

and over 2000 have been synthesized

132
Q

how do isotopes of the same element differ from one another?

A

They have slightly different physical properties/mass

but generally the same chemical properties

133
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

the total number of protons in an atom.
= to number of electrons charge neutrality
represented by the letter Z

134
Q

What is mass number?

A

The number of neutrons +the number of electrons

represented by the letter A

135
Q

what is atomic mass?

A

the weighted (weighted according to natural abundance) sum of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element

136
Q

What is an amu?

A

an atomic mass unit.

137
Q

what is the reference point for atomic mass units?

A

carbon-12

the atomic mass of carbon-12 is 12

138
Q

how is the amu for an element calculated?

A

multiply each isotopes amu by its fractional abundance and add to the total of all of them.

Chemistry 121 (6 decks)

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