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Chemistry 121 > Exam one Blocks 1-4 > Flashcards

Exam one Blocks 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

a process of studying natural phenomena that involves making observations; defining laws; formulating, testing and evolving theories and accepting well tested theories and scientific premises.

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2
Q

What are the steps of the scientific method

A

Define the problem and make an observation
formulate a hypothesis supported by your data
test your hypothesis
develop a theory
test your theory

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3
Q

How is a natural aw discovered?

A

When an observable behavior can not be fully explained by a theory

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4
Q

What are the two types of data collected by scientific research?

A

Qualitative and quantitative

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5
Q

What is Qualitative data?

A

A general description that only give the identities of all players that are involved in the observed phenomena.

The “who”

A recipe that only lists the ingredients but not the quantity

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6
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

numbers that indicate the actual amounts of extent of the players involved

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7
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

a possible but not proven explanation for an observed behavior

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8
Q

What is a theory?

A

A well tested and experimentally proven explanation for a observed behavior.

A constantly evolving and experimentally proven hypothesis

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9
Q

What is a natural law?

A

A statement of generally observed behavior that describes what happens but makes no attempt to explain why.

i.e. the law of gravity

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10
Q

What is a scientific premise?

A

a theory that is assumed to be correct an is accepted as scientific fact

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11
Q

Explain the hypothesis loop

A

The repeating process of experimentation and data collection that leads to a theory or a natural law.

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12
Q

Explain the theory loop

A

The repetition of experimentation of a theory that allows it to evolve and gain accuracy with each repetition new data is collected coming closer and closer to a truth.

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13
Q

Explain the pyramid of scientific knowledge

A

the building of successive generations building from a scientific premise as each generation is added the original premise become more and more valid

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14
Q

Define Chemistry

A

The science that deals with the materials in the universe and the changes they undergo

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15
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that has mass and volume

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16
Q

Define mass

A

the amount of matter present in a sample

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17
Q

Define volume

A

the amount of space a sample occupies

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18
Q

What are the three states of matter?

A

Liquid
Solid
Gas

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19
Q

What are the properties of a solid?

A

has a definite shape and volue

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20
Q

What are the properties of a liquid?

A

Indefinite shape
definite volume
always adopts the shape of its container

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21
Q

What are the properties of a gas?

A

indefinite shape and volume

always completely fills its container adopting both its volume and shape

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22
Q

What determines which of the three physical states matter will be found in?

A

external conditions such as temperature and pressure

internal cohesive forces

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23
Q

What shape characteristics do the three states have?

A

Solid-Definie
liquid- indefinite
Gas- indifinite

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24
Q

What volume characteristics do the three states have?

A

Solid- Definite
liquid- definite
Gas- indefinite

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25
particle space characteristics of the three states.
solid- least liquid- in-between Gas- most
26
freedom of movement characteristics of the three states.
Solid-least liquid- in-between gas- most
27
strength of internal cohesive force characteristics of the three states.
Solid - strongest Liquid- inbetween Gas- weakest
28
How vigorous are particle moments in the three states
Solid- weakest Liquid- in-between Gas-strongest
29
What are the temperature characteristics of the three states.
Solid- lowest liquid- in-between gas- highest
30
What are the two classifying properties of matter?
Physical and chemial
31
what are physical properties of matter?
Properties that can be observed without changing the basic identity or chemical composition of the substance. odor, physical state, hardness
32
What are chemical properties of matter?
properties that describe the way a substance either undergoes or resists change to for a new substance. oxidizing or resisting oxidation
33
What are the two types of changes in matter?
Physical and Chemical
34
What is a physical change
Any change that does not in any way change the chemical identity or properties of the object. Breaking a stick of graphite
35
What is a chemical change?
A change that produces a new chemically different substance
36
what are the two classifications of matter?
Mixtures and Pure substances
37
what is a Mixture
a physical combination of two or more substances in which each substance retains its own unique chemical identity and properties All mixtures can be separated by physical means into simpler substances Nearly all substances found in nature are found in mixtures
38
What is distillation?
A physical means of separation. A variation of simple evaporation where the vapors are collected and re-condensed
39
what is sublimation?
is the phase transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase ***without passing through the intermediate liquid phase*****. this can be used as a means of physical separation
40
What are the two types of mixtures?
Homogeneous and heterogeneous
41
When is a mixture Homogeneous?
When it visibly has only one distinct phase has uniform properties and can be separated by physical means
42
When is a mixture heterogeneous?
When two or more distinct phases are visibly present The mixture does not have uniform properties throughout it can be separated by physical means
43
What is a pure substance?
A type of matter that can not be separated into a simpler for by any physical means. they display constant composition and contain only a single substance and sample will have identical chemical and physical properties
44
What are the two types of pure substances?
Elements and compounds
45
What is an element?
A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances via any ordinary means
46
What is a compound?
a compound is a pure substance that CAN be broken down into simpler substances via ordinary means
47
Explain the law of definite proportions
The elements present in a given compound are chemically combined in fixed proportions. they always consist of the same elements combined in the same proportions
48
Define energy
The ability to do work
49
Is energy considered matter?
No
50
Why is energy important to chemists?
because all changes in matter both physical and chemical involve energy changes
51
Explain the Endothermic process
Processes and changes must be provided with extra energy from an external source. i.e. a cold pack taking heat from a sprain
52
Explain the Exothermic process
Processes that produce energy left with an excess of energy which must be released into the environment
53
what are the three quantitative measures of tempature
the amount of heat amount of energy capacity for doing work
54
Define Heat
the flow of energy due to temperature gradient
55
What direction does heat flow?
to the cooler area
56
What is a change in state?
a process which a substance is transformed from one physical state to another
57
What are the six possible changes in state?
``` Melting Evaporation Sublimation Freezing Condensation Deposition ```
58
What are the three Endothermic changes in state?
Melting Evaporation Sublimation
59
What are the three Exothermic changes in state?
Freezing Condensation Deposition
60
What is the inverse of melting? Endo or Exo
Freezing | Exo
61
What is the inverse of evaporation? Endo or Exo
condensation | Exo
62
What is the inverse of sublimation? Endo or Exo
Deposition | Exo
63
What is the inverse of Freezing? Endo or Exo
Melting | Endo
64
What is the inverse of condensation? Endo or Exo
Evaporation | Endo
65
What is the inverse of Deposition? Endo or Exo
Sublimation | Endo
66
How many know elements are there?
117
67
What is the most abundant element in the universe by mass %?
Hydrogen
68
What is the most abundant element on earth by mass %?
Oxygen
69
Most abundant element in our bodies by atom %?
hydrogen
70
Most abundant atom in our bodies by mass %?
Oxygen
71
Define Atom
The smallest unit of an element that can exist and still retain all of the properties of that element
72
Define Compound
A chemical combination of two or more elements
73
Define Molecule
A group of two or more atoms that function as a single unit
74
What is a Homoatomic Molecule?
a molecule that is composed of only one type of atom
75
What is a Heteroatomic molecule?
A molecule that is composed of two or more types of atom
76
Prefix for 2?
Diatomic
77
Prefix for 3?
Triatomic
78
Prefix for 4?
tetra-atomic
79
Prefix for 5?
penta-atomic
80
Prefix for 6?
Hexa-atompc
81
Prefix for 7?
Hepta-atomic
82
Prefix for 8?
Octa-Atomic
83
Prefix for 9?
ennea-atomic
84
Prefix for 10?
Deca-actomic
85
Prefix for more than 4?
Polyatomic
86
What is the Complete molecule classification for H20?
Heteroatomic | Triatomic
87
What is the Complete molecule classification for C2
Homoatomic | Diatomic
88
What are the 7 Diatomic elements?
``` Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Florine Chlorine Bromine Iodine ```
89
What is the symbol for the prefix giga-?
G
90
What is the symbol for the prefix mega-?
M
91
What is the symbol for the prefix kilo-?
k
92
What is the symbol for the prefix centi-?
c
93
What is the symbol for the prefix milli-?
m
94
What is the symbol for the prefix micro-?
µ
95
What is the symbol for the prefix nano-?
n
96
What is the fundamental unit of length?
meter
97
What is the fundamental unit of Mass?
gram
98
What is the fundamental unit of Volume?
liter
99
What is the mathematical meaning of giga?
1 billionth or 1x10^9
100
What is the mathematical meaning of mega?
1 millionth or 1X10^6
101
What is the mathematical meaning of kilo?
1 thousand or 1X10^3
102
What is the mathematical meaning of centi?
one hundredth or 1X10^-2
103
What is the mathematical meaning of milli?
one thousandth or 1X10^-3
104
What is the mathematical meaning of micro?
one millionth 1X10-6
105
What is the mathematical meaning of nano?
one billionth or 1X10^-9
106
When are measurements exact?
never
107
What is the formula for density?
Mass over volume
108
What is standard room temp in Celcius
25 degrees C
109
What is the density of pure water at 25C?
1g per milliliter
110
What do we call materials that don't form homogeneous mixtures?
They are immiscible.
111
When was Fr discovered?
1939
112
What do we call materials that do form homogeneous mixtures?
miscible
113
What are two units that heat is measured in?
Calories or joules
114
How do we define calorie
the amount of energy it takes to raise the temp of 1g of water by 1 degrees C
115
What is the conversion for Calories to joules?
1.000 cal = 4.184 joules
116
Convert calories to dietetic calories
1 dietary calorie (Cal) = 1000 calories (cal)
117
What is the charge of a proton?
positive
118
What is the charge of a neutron?
neutral
119
What is the charge of electrons?
negative
120
What are the 4 fundamental forces of nature?
Gravity Electrical/magnetic weak nuclear force Strong nuclear force
121
What does the strong nuclear force do?
it holds the nucleus of atoms together
122
What does the weak nuclear force do?
holds the electrons to the atom
123
What charge do all atoms have?
Neutral
124
What are nucleons?
protons and neutrons
125
of the 117 known elements, how many are naturally occurring?
94
126
how many of the naturally occurring elements are radioactive?
36
127
what is the only part of an atom that is involved in chemical reactions?
electrons
128
What is charge neutrality?
All atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons so they have the same number of positive and negative charges effectively creating a charge of zero
129
What is an atom called when its number of neutrons differ from its protons?
isotope or nuclides
130
How many isotopes do most elements naturally have?
2 to 10
131
how many naturally occurring isotopes are there?
200-300 | and over 2000 have been synthesized
132
how do isotopes of the same element differ from one another?
They have slightly different physical properties/mass | but generally the same chemical properties
133
What is the atomic number?
the total number of protons in an atom. = to number of electrons *charge neutrality* represented by the letter Z
134
What is mass number?
The number of neutrons +the number of electrons | represented by the letter A
135
what is atomic mass?
the weighted (weighted according to natural abundance) sum of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element
136
What is an amu?
an atomic mass unit.
137
what is the reference point for atomic mass units?
carbon-12 | the atomic mass of carbon-12 is 12
138
how is the amu for an element calculated?
multiply each isotopes amu by its fractional abundance and add to the total of all of them.

Chemistry 121 (6 decks)

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