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Vert Zoo LECTURE > Exam One > Flashcards

Exam One Flashcards

1
Q

what is a clade?

A
  • an evolutionary lineage

- a monophyletic group

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2
Q

In cladistics, groups are created based on…

A

derived characters

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3
Q

derived means

A

different from the ancestral condition

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4
Q

an apomorphy is a

A

derived trait

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5
Q

Clades are grouped on the basis of shared, derived characters, or

A

synapomorphies

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6
Q

Pleisiomorphies are…

A

ancestral characters – characters inherited unchanged from their ancestors

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7
Q

symplesiomorphies are…

A

shared, ancestral characters

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8
Q

pleisiomorphies and symplesiomorphies DONT show us…

A

degrees of relatedness

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9
Q

Crown vs Stem groups

A
  • Stem lineages: are made up 100% of extinct species

- Crown lineages: there are still at least one species still alive

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10
Q

Sister taxon

A

the group that is most closely related but not in the group

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11
Q

more than half of vertebrates are..

A

fish!

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12
Q

phylogenetic trees show us…

A

evolutionary history

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13
Q

nodes represent…

A

hypothetical common ancestors

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14
Q

what is a taxon?

A

a group name only applied to monophyletic groups

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15
Q

Describe the relationship between systematics and taxonomy

A

A name is only applied to a monophyletic group and if it does not, then it is considered a bad name

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16
Q

On phylogenetic trees, time is…

A

relative, moving towards most recent events

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17
Q

fossils allow us to…

A
  • Allows us to create more accurate phylogenies

- The field continues to advance

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18
Q

what are the mammalian synapomorphies?

A
  1. Produce milk with mammary glands

2. Real keratinized hair

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19
Q

synapomorphies

A

characteristics unique to a specific group

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20
Q

Apomorphy

A

different from the ancestral condition (derived traits!)

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21
Q

Synapomorphies need to be made to…

A

make trees more accurate

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22
Q

plesiomorphies

A

characteristics inherited unchanged from their ancestors

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23
Q

Why are plesiomorphies unhelpful for creating accurate trees?

A

Just because they are true for the group doesn’t mean it diserns them for others. For example, all mammals have four limbs but so do most vertebrates. As a result, it does not define mammals as a group

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24
Q

evolution does not have…

A

a goal

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25
Q

what is a morphology?

A

a character that can be measured

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26
Q

are most animals deuterostomes or protostomes?

A

protostomes

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27
Q

all metazoans are…

A
  • Multicellular heterotrophs

- Motile (capable of movement) for at least some part of their life cycle

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28
Q

What was the cambian explosian and how did it happen?

A

the sudden diversifications of metazoans fueled by the predator and prey relationship

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29
Q

we are in phylum…

A

chordata

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30
Q

the sister taxa to phylum chordata is…

A

Ambulacraria

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31
Q

Phylum Chordata has three subphyla which are…

A
  1. Cephalochordata (lancelets)
  2. Urochordata (tunicates)
  3. Vertebrata
    * * 1 and 2 are the “invertebrate chordates”
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32
Q

Phylum Chordata has three subphyla which are…

A
  1. Cephalochordata (lancelets)
  2. Urochordata (tunicates)
  3. Vertebrata
    * * 1 and 2 are the “invertebrate chordates”
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33
Q

What are the characters of chordates?

A
  1. notochord
  2. dorsal hollow nerve chord
  3. segmented, muscular, postanal tail
  4. end-style
  5. larynx containing gill slits
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34
Q

What is the function of the notochord?

A

it provides structural support and something for muscles to contract against

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35
Q

what does the endostyle do?

A

secretes mucus secretion to assist with suspension feeding

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36
Q

our endostyle is

A

the thyroid

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37
Q

Why is the pharynx containing gill slits beneficial?

A

for suspension feeding!

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38
Q

why did gill slits not originally need to be used for breathing?

A

Because our ancestors were small and not very active, they could survive though surface area gas exchange through diffusion

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39
Q

what is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is an inactive process in which particles move from high concentrations to low

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40
Q

the opposite of extinct is…

A

extant

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41
Q

buccal cirri

A

generate mini current to pull water in, which passes over the pharynx for suspension feeding. Water comes out of atriopore and food waste comes out of anus

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42
Q

what do vertebrates display that non-vert chordates do not?

A
  1. Increased body size
  2. Increased activity
  3. Specialized organ systems
  4. Active use of gills for respiration
  5. Predaceous, made possible by vertebrate head
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43
Q

What is the relationship between bilateral symmetry and directionality?

A

We are able to move more calculated

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44
Q

what is development?

A

the process from zygote to adulthood/reproductive maturity

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45
Q

what is development?

A

the process from zygote to adulthood/reproductive maturity

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46
Q

When does the neural crest form?

A

as the neural tube develops

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47
Q

the neural crease in unique to…

A

vertebrates

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48
Q

What do migratory neural crest cells become?

A

they move to different parts of the body and become:

  • some bones and muscles of anterior head
  • almost all of the PNS
  • adrenal glands
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49
Q

Basic vertebrate adult tissue types:

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscular
  4. Nervous
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50
Q

What allows me to hold a kidney (or any organ) without having a goop on the floor/why does it have a specific shape?

A

collagen: a protein that creates a matrix that holds cells in shape

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51
Q

what gives plants their shape?

A

structural polysaccharides

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52
Q

what gives animals with exoskeletons their shape?

A

the polysaccharide CHITIN

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53
Q

cartilage is formed by…

A

chondrocytes

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54
Q

chon-

A

cartilage

55
Q

why is some cartilage hard?

A

it is mineralized

56
Q

pros and cons of mineralized carbon vs. bone?

A

lighter and more flexible, but it is more prone to damage because it does not contain blood vessels

57
Q

Why might a ray have mineralized cartilage towards the center but not on the outer pectoral fin?

A

Helps to resist exertive pressure of the muscles, which are located towards the center, and allows the organism to swim

58
Q

Mineralized tissues, in vertebrates, are formed by

A

hydroxyapatite

59
Q

in mineralized tissue, phosphate ions are important because…

A

they protect hydroxyapatite from dissolving due to lactic acid buildup

60
Q

true bone is unique to…

A

vertebrates

61
Q

bone is formed by…

A

osteocyte

62
Q

bone replaces ________ during ____________.

A

bone replaces cartilage during development

63
Q

bone is a matrix of ______ and ___________. Why is this beneficial?

A

bone is a matrix of collagen and hydroxyapatite .
Beneficial because:
1. The collagen allows for a little bit of bend but no break
2. The mineral (hydroxyapatite) allows it to take force

64
Q

identical twins can have different bone mass based on lifestyle (gamer vs. lifter). this shows us that…

A

blood vessels also allow bones to acclimate to different stressors

65
Q

two types of bone

A
  1. dermal

2. endochondral

66
Q

two types of bone

A
  1. dermal

2. endochondral

67
Q

where is the dermal bone formed?

A

in the skin

68
Q

what type of bone was the first to evolve?

A

dermal bone

69
Q

what does dermal bone become in our bodies?

A

our skull and our teeth

70
Q

true teeth form over…

A

dermal bone

71
Q

endochondral bone is formed in…

A

the cartilage

72
Q

endochondrial bone is unique to…

A

bony fish and tetrapods

73
Q

how is the endoskeleton formed?

A

osteocytes replace cartilage during development

74
Q

where is the chondrocranium and what type of bone does it come from in vertebrates?

A
  • surrounds the brain

- endochondral bone in higher vertebrates

75
Q

what does the chondrocranium allow for?

A

structures to attach, such as extrinsic eye muscles

Interacts with splanchnocranium

76
Q

what does the splanchnocranium form?

A

gill support

77
Q

where does the dermatocranium form?

A

in the skin during development as outer cover

78
Q

dermatocranium is made from…

A

dermal bone

79
Q

what does the lateral line system do?

A

makes fish extremely sensitive to “water sound”

80
Q

Chenosylia

A

Most similarly resembles our inner ear

81
Q

How do schools of bait fish move in unison when a predator comes in?

A

lateral line system

82
Q

can the lateral line system be felt from far distances?

A

yes

83
Q

how is the Internal anatomy inside of ampullae different than lateral line system

A

Unlike the LLS the pores are concentrated at their snout, which allows them to located minute electrical fields that are close rather than movements that can be far distances away

84
Q

how is the Internal anatomy inside of ampullae different than lateral line system

A

Unlike the LLS the pores are concentrated at their snout, which allows them to located minute electrical fields that are close rather than movements that can be far distances away

85
Q

increased surface area allows for more _________. Why?

A

Directionality because there is more space between the lateral line system and ampullae

86
Q

in the modern day, only __________ have paired fins

A

gnathostomes

87
Q

paired fins allow for…

A

control of the body

88
Q

ostracoderms are…

A

heavily armored

89
Q

what is adaptive radiation?

A

an event of rapid diversification

90
Q

what is a stem lineage?

A

a lineage in which every member is not extinct

91
Q

fossils only form from…

A

minerals

92
Q

the derived traits of ______ and ______ help sharks switch direction

A

short radials and small basals

93
Q

distinctive characters of sharks

A
  • cartilaginous skeleton
  • jaw suspension
  • high blood urea concentrations
94
Q

why is the holistic jaw advantageous?

A

Allows sharks to have a subterminal mouth when advantageous. The snout makes sharks more dynamic (subterminal is advantageous) but when they want to eat they are able to make their mouth terminal when eating.

95
Q

without their massive _______, nonbenthic rays/sharks would sink

A

livers

96
Q

how do sharks change direction?

A

by tilting their pectoral fins

97
Q

why are high blood urea concentrations important for sharks?

A

otherwise they would have to use active transport, which uses ATP

98
Q

why are adaptions that conserve energy important in sharks?

A
  • Food in the ocean is distributed PATCHILY

- They have to go long times without eating and need these adaptations to survive

99
Q

how do most skates reproduce?

A

egg laying species

100
Q

how do rays reproduce?

A

most give birth to live young

101
Q

what is the sister taxon to Phylum Chordata?

A

Phylum Ambulacraria

102
Q

what distinguishes a vertebrate?

A

Chordate with a cranium and a segmented axial skeleton or Associated embryonic
structures

103
Q

The vertebrate head allowed organisms to

A
  • participate in suction feeding
  • larger brain (telencephalon)
  • more complex sensory organs
104
Q

The vertebrate head allowed organisms to

A
  • participate in suction feeding
  • larger brain (telencephalon)
  • more complex sensory organs
105
Q

What are the germ layers, from out to in?

A
  1. ectoderm
  2. endoderm
  3. mesoderm
  4. neural crest “germ layer”
106
Q

what are the types of mineralized tissues?

A
  1. dentin
  2. enamel
  3. enameloid
  4. cementum
  5. mineralized cartilage
  6. bone
107
Q

what were the three radiations of Elasmobranchii?

A
  1. Paleozoic
  2. Early Mesozoic
  3. Mid Mesozoic
108
Q

distinctive characters of chondrichthyes

A
  1. cartilaginous skeleton
  2. skin
  3. lipid filled liver
  4. high blood urea
109
Q

what is unique about the sharks cartilaginous skeleton?

A
  • its an ancestral trait for most, but a derived trait in sharks
  • Retain dentine, enameloid, and traces of bone in their teeth and placoid scales
  • they retain mineralized (calcified) cartilage
110
Q

what is unique about the sharks skin?

A

tough layer of collagen under skin that connects to the vertebral column via
collagen septa

111
Q

perichondrial ossification

A

save

112
Q

in non-benthic sharks and rays, what percent of their body mass is from the liver?

A

25-30%

113
Q

a sharks liver is filled with…

A

low-density lipids and hydrocarbons

114
Q

sharks livers make them…

A

naturally buoyant

115
Q

which side of the sharks liver is bigger?

A

the right lobe

116
Q

what is unique about sharks high blood urea concetration?

A

their high blood urea concentrations make them hyperosmolal to seawater, which eliminates the risk of cellular water loss due to osmosis and keeps them from spending as much energy osmoregulating.

117
Q

General Characters of Modern Chondrichthyans

A
  1. vision
  2. chemoreception
  3. electroreception
  4. mechanoreception
118
Q

describe the modern sharks vision.

A

their retinas are rod rich and they have tapetum lucidum, which allows them to see quite well in low light environments

119
Q

modern sharks are able to respond to chemical concentration gradients as low as…

A

1 part per billion

120
Q

the modern sharks have electroreception due to…

A

ampullae of lorenzini

121
Q

what is the mechanism which modern sharks use for mechanoreception?

A

the lateral line system

122
Q

lecithotrophy

A

the yolk supplies most nourishment

123
Q

matrotrophy

A

the reproductive tract of female supplies nourishment

124
Q

oviparity species…

A

all utilize lecithotrophy

125
Q

vivparity species…

A

range from lecithotrophic to matrotrophic species

126
Q

sarcopterygiians have scales that are coated by ______, derived from _______.

A

cosmine derived from dentine

127
Q

actinopterygiians have scales coated by ________, derived from __________

A

ganoine derived from enamel

128
Q

what are the types of mineralized tissues?

A
  1. dentin
  2. enamel
  3. enameloid
  4. cementum
  5. mineralized cartilage
  6. bone
129
Q

in primative vertebrates, dermal bone formed…

A

dermal armor

130
Q

the notochord is accompanied or replaced by…

A

vertabrae

131
Q

what are the basic vertebrate structures?

A
  1. bone
  2. cranial skeleton
  3. axial skeleton
  4. vertebrae
  5. axial muscles
132
Q

axial muscles are comprised of…

A

myomeres

133
Q

what are myomeres?

A

overlapping sequential muscle segments

Vert Zoo LECTURE (3 decks)

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