exam 2 Flashcards
what are the shared DERIVED characters of the amphibians?
- locomotor adaptions
- reproductive modes
- properties of the skin
describe the structure of amphibian skin
-lots of glands
-
what does the hedonic gland do?
help
what is unique about the pulmocutaneous circulatory circuits of the amphibians?
help
operculum-columella complex in amphibians
help
what are tetrachromats?
they have the ability to see color even in low light conditions because….
being able to see color in low light is important for amphibians in order to…
aid in species recognition
what is unique about amphibian teeth?
they have pedicellate teeth, which means the crowns are separated from roots by layer of fibrous tissue
urodelans have the most ancestral mode of locomotion, which is…
- the walking-trot gait
- lateral bending combined with leg movements
the walking-trot gait relies on…
a flexible spine
mode of locomotion for caecilians
- lateral undulation
2. internal concertina locomotion
what is unique about the structure of the levator bulb muscle in amphibians?
help
the anuran mode of transportation is specialized for…
jumping
adaptations that allow anuran to jump far distances
- elongated hind limbs
- fused tibia and fibula
- large, powerful pelvis which is attached to a shortened, stiff vertebral column
- urostyle
- strong forelimbs
- dorsally placed eyes
what cues do salamanders use for courtship?
- chemical cues (pheromones)
2. visual cues (sexually dimorphic)
What is the name of the gland that Plethodontoids use during courtship?
the mental gland
what is the reproductive mode of frogs?
they are vocal!
what is explosive breeding?
when males attract females all at once within a short period of time
when is explosive breeding often used?
during multi species choruses, such as with tree frogs and many toads
what are advertisement calls?
help
when is explosive breeding often used?
during multi species choruses, such as with tree frogs and many toads
what is prolonged breeding?
when males establish territories and compete with other males (bullfrogs)
what are the risks involved with vocal courtship cues?
- predation
2. desiccation
fertilization in caecilians
internal fertilization via the phallodeum
fertilization in salamanders
internal fertilization via spermatophores
fertilization in anurans
external fertilization via amplexus
axillary vs inguinal
help
true or false, some species of anurans have internal fertilization
true
in terms of modes of development, most caecilians are..
75% of caecilians are viviparous and matrotrophic
at birth, caecilian young can be ______ of the mothers body length
30-60%
explain the matrotrophic behaviors we see in caecilians
- begins via yolk and switches to “uterine milk” from oviducts in most
- one species eats the mothers outermost layer of skin
describe the salamander mode of development
- most species breed in water and lay eggs in water
- eggs hatch into aquatic, gilled larvae that may transform into terrestrial adults
what is a mode of development common to Plethodontidae?
-more terrestrial eggs, so that they skip the aquatic larval stage
true or false, all Salamandrid species are viviparous.
false, but some are
salamander embryos may be nourished by…
- unfertilized eggs
- yolk sacs
in what species to the salamanders emerge as aquatic larvae?
help
true or false, the developmental modes of Anuran species are conserved.
false, they are very diverse
in most anuran species…(modes of development)
aquatic eggs hatch into tadpoles and many have direct development
what is direct development?
when terrestrial eggs hatch into froglets
anuran mode of development and direction of stream flow
help
modes of development in anurans and percent of prey captured
help
purpose of mucus glands
- keep skin moist and permeable to gases
- antimicrobial
- predator defense
purpose of granular glands
-amphibians primary predator defense mechanism
true or false, all amphibians have granular glands.
true, but there is a ton of diversity
true or false, all amphibians have granular glands.
true, but there is a ton of diversity
types of poisons found in granular glands
- cutaneous alkaloids (up to 40)
2. neurotoxins (ex. tetrodotoxin)
types of poisons found in granular glands
- cutaneous alkaloids (up to 40)
2. neurotoxins (ex. tetrodotoxin)
describe the Euthenopteron
help
describe the Eusthenopteron
- late devonian sarcopterygiian
- cylindrical bodies
- large heads
- thick scales
- shallow water predators
what does Tiktaalik show us?
the fish to tetrapod transition
describe Tiktaalik
- most derived of the elpisostegalids
- “fishpond” from the late Devonian
describe the anatomy of Tiktaalik
help
describe Acanthostega
help
what trends do we see in the fish to tetrapod transition?
- reduction in hyomandibula, opercle, subopercle, and lepidotrichia
- changes in pectoral/pelvic girdles
- rigidity in vertebral column/ribs
chondrotin/schreckstoff
interacts w nerve receptor in fish to produce fear response
carp are _______ in north america
invasive
are shiners native?
yes
who is in the cypriniformes group?
minnows, carps, suckers, loaches
cyriniformes characters
jaws lacking teeth, well developed pharyngeal teeth, many have barbels, fins lacking spines
are buffalo native?
yes
are cypriniformes freshwater of marine?
primary freshwater
synapomorphies of superorder Ostariophysi
schreckstoff and Weberian apparatus
order characiformes characters
- well developed teeth in jaws
- pharyngeal teeth usually present
- adipose fin common
examples of charchariformes
phirrahanas
lepieophagy
eating fins or scales (phirhannas)
name of small catfish
madtom
Order Siluriformes
the catfish
describe the order suliformes
- teeth present on premaxillary but absent of maxillary
- dorsal and pectoral fins with spines
- well developed barbels around mouth
- scales absent
- adipose fin
- ONLY 2 MARINE
big catfish
Mekong river catfish
describe order salmoniformes
- nuptial tubercles
- anadromous migrations (marine water to spawn)
kype
nuptial tubules on salmon
who is in order salmoniformes
salmon, smelts, galaxids
the trout story
colonizers thought that rivers should be full of trout so they “increased biodiversity of North America”. as a result, galaxids are being outcompeted and over;redated
Order Esociformes
pikes, pickerels, muskellunge
describe order esociformes
- no teeth on maxillary bone
- dorsal and anal fins set well back on body
muskellunge
- largest of escociformes
- native to NA
muskellunge
- largest of escociformes
- native to NA
order esociformes predatory behavior
create s shape to act as spring
synapomorphies of superorder paracanthoptergii
- benthic or demersal
- mostly soft fin rays
who are in superorder paracanthopterygii?
cod, and godlike fishes, toadfishes, anglerfishes
the Atlantic codfish
- supply was important to economy
- “there’s plenty of fish in the sea”
- became overfished as technology got better
- adapted to high mortality rates
synapomorphies of acanthopterygii
- hard, sharp spines in dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins
- two distinct dorsal fins
series in acanthoptergii
Mugilomorpha
Atherinomorpha
Percomorpha
series mugilomorpha
the mullets!
- euryhaline marine
- shallow water
- herbivorous/plantivorious (well developed gill rakers)
- well separated spinous and soft dorsal fins
Series atherinomorpha
the silversides, flying fishes, killifishes, topminnows.
describe Series atherinomorpha
- demersal eggs
- small
series percomorpha
perch like fishes
orders in series percomorpha
- order pleuronectiformes
- order tetradontiformes
- order syngnathiformes
- order scorpaeniformes
- order perciformes
what is the ancestral condition of the bony fishes (Actinopterygii)?
Plesiomorphic (ancestral): heterocercal tail
Apomorphic: homocercal tail
ancestral form on pelvic fin
abdominal
evolutionary trends in Actinopterygiian (bony fish)
- heterocercal caudal fin to homocercal
- low cranial kinesis (birchir) to high cranial kinesis
- physostomous gas bladder to physoclistous gas bladder
who are the dipnoi?
the lungfish!
- highly fused cranium
- lack tooth bearing pretax and max bones
- teeth scattered on palate and arranged in ridges on margins of the palate
- large jaw muscles
- fused dorsal, caudal, and pelvic fins
who are actinistia
the coelacanths
- have ampullae which are rare in bony fishes
- fossils from Devonian to creassious
eusthenopteron vs. acanthostega
- eusthenopteron had a morphology typical to a pelagic fish
- acanthostega is a shallow water species. large pectoral fins and dorsally placed eyes
Gondwana
connection of lots of land masses that broke off
synapomorphies to amniotes
- skin
- amniotic egg
- costal ventilation of lungs
- temporal fenestration
synapomorphies of lepidosaurs
- transverse cloacal slit
- paired hemipenis
- renal sex segment
- pattern of ecdysis
- distally notched tongue
- determinate growth
squamata suborders
- gekkota
- scincoidea
- lacertoidea
- anguimorpha
- iguana
- serpentes
squamata suborders
- gekkota (basal)
- scincoidea
- lacertoidea
- anguimorpha
- iguana
- serpentes
example of a non arboreal gekko
leopard gekko
suborder gekkota, family gekkoididae characters
- mostly nocturnal
- immovable eyelids
- insectivores
- modifies scales on toes for climbing (van Der walls)
- eggs with hard shells
- vocal using cartilaginous larynx
super order Lepidosauria, suborder scincoidea
- worldwide
- terrestrial
- insectivores and some herbivores
- terrestiral
- ocellus
Suborder Lacertoidea, family Teiidae
the “whiptails”
- Ameiva
- Argentine black and white tegu
- parthenogenesis (asexual reproduction) somewhat common
Suborder Lacertoidea, family Amphisbaenidae
worm lizard
- fossorial
- annuli facilitate internal concertina locomotion
- median tooth
Suborder Anguimorpha, family anguidae
- lateral fold in skin
- rectangular scales
- terrestrial, leaf lizard insectivores
- four genera (including Ophisaurus) are legless
glass lizards are not as good as snakes as moving.
they need leaves/traction
suborder anguimorpha, family varanidae
“monitor lizards”
-africa, australia, asia
island gigantism
- kimono dragon
- ate pigmy elephants (bite and venom)
suborder iguana, family iguanidae
- large herbivores
- arboreal
- one marine species
suborder iguana, family dactyloidae
- mainly arboreal
- brown anole is invasive
- gular fan
suborder iguana, family phrynosomatidae
- terrestrial some arboreal
- sexually dimorphic
- head bobbing
- SCELOPORUS is most important genus with the fence lizard
- horn lizard
suborder iguana, family chamaeleonidae
- highly protrusible tongue
- independently movable raised eyes
- laterally compressed bodies
- prehensile tail
- zygodactylous feet
- dwarf chameleon (early 90’s) brookesia
Suborder Serpentes groups
- scolecophidia (“thread snake”, fossorial, reduced eyes, found everywhere)
- alethinophidia (Pythons, fossorial, terrestrial, arboreal, ranging in size, aglyphous) families boidae and pythonidae
- colubroidea (includes colubridae, elabidae, and viperidae). fossorial, aquatic, arboreal, terrestrial. fast moving with venom and fangs
(boomslang or coral snakes)
venomous gland in colubroides
duvernoy glad
colubroide dentition
opisthoglyphous: rear fanged
proteroglyphous: front fanged, perm erect
solenoglyphous: front fanged, hinged
snake venom
proteins: include lipase and proteolytic enzymes
polypeptides: “three finger toxins” that interfere with cell to cell communication. neurotoxic, cardiotoxic, anticoagulant
less space more bone
stronger
cranial kinesis is important to snakes because
they have no limbs so they need to be able to do everything with there face. since they don’t live in water they can’t use buccal suction. they walk their jaw over their prey
locomotion trends
- lateral undulation: side to side
- rectilinear: lengthening and shortening
- concertina locamotion: pressing against tube shaped walls
- side winding: throwing alternating bends, leaving paired tracks
