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Abnormal Psych > Exam one > Flashcards

Exam one Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the psychodynamic stage

A
  • Frued believed unconscious part of the mind is much larger in portion to the conscious
  • Personality is made up of 3 parts (Id, Ego, Superego)

-When all the 3 parts are communicating then you are in good health and won’t experience abnormal behavior. But if they are in conflict it leads to mental disorders.

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2
Q

Explain the Id, Ego, and Superego

A

Id: is the pleasure principle but doesn’t take into account realistic measures.

Ego: mediates the demands of the Id and the realities of the external world. operates on the reality principle

Superego: internalizes morals, beliefs and values. It is the inner control center over the Id and Ego.

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3
Q

Explain Ego-defense mechanisms

A

–Frued believed the ego can cope with elevated anxiety through rational means but when anxiety exists in our unconscious the ego results to irrational means

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4
Q

What are the 8 ego-defense mechanisms?

A

1: Displacement: putting the probelms elsewhere when its actually happening “here”
ex: women was harassed by boos then takes it out on husband
2: fixation: an obsession or unusual attachment
ex: unmaried man is still dependent on mother
3: projections: when YOU have a problem but associate it/put it on someone or something else
ex: wife cheated and accuses the husband of cheating
4: Rationalization: feel the need to explain behavior that is unneccessary
5: Reaction formation: preventing/replacing a behavior with another adaptive behavior
ex: stop smoking but start binge eating
6: Regression: going back to an earlier behavior
ex: was potty trianed but something happened now they are not potty trained
7: Repression: burying our feelings so we don’t have to deal with them
8: Sublimation: channeling energy into activities can be good or bad
ex: don’t know what to do with all this emotion so I am going to start cutting

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5
Q

Explain the Newer psychodynamic perspective

Ego psychology

A

–Psychopathology develops when the ego does not function adequately to control use of defense mechanisms when faced with conflicts

–Was focused on self

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6
Q

Explain the newer psychodynamic perspective

Object relations theory

A

–How do we characterize ourselves to other people?

–focus on individuals interactions with real and imagined people and on the relationships that people experience

-ex: I am a student

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7
Q

Explain the newer psychodynamic perspective

interpersonal perspective

A

–Emphasized how social and cultural factors play a role in our instincts

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8
Q

Explain the newer psychodynamic perspective

attachment theory

A

–emphasizes the importance of early experience with attachment relationships laying a foundation throughout life

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9
Q

Explain the behavioral persepctive

A

theme: behavior that is modified or adapted by learning or reinforcing

–ask question of how behavior occurs

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10
Q

Explain classical conditioning

A

A specific stimulus may come to elicit a specific response

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11
Q

Unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
conditioned stimulus
conditioned response

A
  • food
  • salivating
  • bell
  • -CR happens when the CS alone elicits the CR
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12
Q

extinction

A

if the CS is repeatedly presented without the uncontrolled stimulus, extinction will occur

(if the bell is continued to ring without food)

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13
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

When a response returns at some future point after being extinct

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14
Q

Explain operant conditioning

A

We learn through reinforcement.

–an individual learns to achieve a desired goal

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15
Q

What is generalization?

A

Response is conditioned to one stimulus and can be evoked by other similar stimuli

ex: a person who fears bees may generalize a fear to ALL flying insects

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16
Q

What is discrimination?

A

When a person learns to distinguish between similar stimuli

ex: I am afraid of bees but I don’t have to be afraid of flies

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17
Q

What is observational learning?

A

Learning through observation without being directly affected by the stimulus

ex: kids develop a fear by observing a parent even though the child didn’t experience the stimulus

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18
Q

What is cognitive-behavioral perspective?

A

–focuses on how thoughts and information processing become distorted and cause behaviors to be maladaptive

ex: studies information processing like attention and memory, thinking planning etc.

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19
Q

What is a schema?

A

–A cluster of thoughts about atopic that guides current processing information

–schemas lead to attributions: process of assigning causes to things that happen

Attributions help us explain our own/others behaviors

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20
Q

What is Cognitive therapy?

A

The way we interpret events and experiences determines our emotional reactions to them

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21
Q

What individual contributed to the classical conditioning model?

A

Pavlov

-He did the experiment with the dog salivating to a bell

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22
Q

What is a modern day experiment for classical conditioning?

A

Hold a puffer in front of an individuals eye and every time there is a buzzer you will puff air into their eye to cause the individual to blink. Then they will associate the CS (a bell) with an automatic eye blink which is the CR

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23
Q

what individual contributed to the operant conditioning model?

A

B.F. Skinner who did experiements on animals by pressing a lever to recieve their food

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24
Q

What is a modern day experiment for operant conditioning?

A

losing weight?

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25
Q

What makes defining abnormality difficult?

A

-There is no one universal agreement about what is meant by abnormality. There are many clear indicators of abnormality but everyone doesn’t experience the same indicators as others with the same disorder. There is no one element to define abnormality

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26
Q

What is abnormality?

A
  • Behaviors we don’t typically see.

- They usually go against the norms of the society

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27
Q

How does culture influence thoughts about abnormal behaviors?

A

–There is a variation in the way different cultures describe or view psychopathology.

  • What is abnormal in one culture may not be abnormal behavior in another
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28
Q

What is wrong with describing someone as ‘schizophrenic’?

A

Labels should be applied to disorders not people

-stereotypes them

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29
Q

Mental health epidemoiology is defined as?

A

Study of distribution of diseases, disorders or health related behaviors in a given population

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30
Q

Which mental health professional has a doctoral degree in psychology and provides individuals thereapy to the patient?

A

psychologist

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31
Q

Which mental health professional prescribes medication and monitors the patient for side effects?

A

psychiatrist

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32
Q

In the united states the standard for defining types of mental disorders is contained in the what?

A

–DSM 5

–It is a tool for diagnoising mental health disorders. it lists the symptoms

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33
Q

Why are correlational research designs often used in abnormal psychology?

A
    • It doesn’t have any manipulation of variables
  • -helpful for comparing groups
  • -It is unethical/impossible to directly manipulate the variables involved in abnormal psychology
34
Q

In 1983 a large group of West Bank Palestinian girls showed signs of illness. Some thought thye were poisoned but later it was discovered that psychological factors played a key role in most cases. This incident best illustrates?

A

–??

35
Q

Philippe Pinel beleived what about mental illness?

A

He believed that you should treat the people humanely. Take the chains off of them, put them in a sunny room, give them good food and treat them nicer with better living ocnditions

36
Q

“Bedlam” in London was on of several hospitals for the mentally ill in different countries that did what?

A

– exhibited their patients for profit

37
Q

Which individual is responsible for increasisng the avaliability of treatment for the mentally ill in the US?

A

Dorthy Dix

38
Q

A catharsis is defined as?

A

Emotional relase

39
Q

What are some reasons for the growth of deinstiutuionalization movement?

A

Considered more humane and cost efficient and thought it was the best way to manage the needs of the patients

40
Q

A psychologist who takes a behavioral perspective would focus on what aspects of the person they are studying?

A
  • -directly observable behaviors

- -Study of observable behavioral responses/ how the individual interacts with the environment

41
Q

If having a gene for Parkinson’s disease guarantees that parkinsons disease will develop, the presence of the gene can be described as what?

A

A sufficient cause

42
Q

name the 3 causes and risk factors of abnormal behavior?

A

–Necessary: A condition MUST exist for disorder to exist

–Sufficient: A condition that guarentees the occurance of a disorder

–Contributory: A condition that increases the probability of a disorder but doesn’t mean that if we have x that y will happen. There is just a greater risk

43
Q

Reuptake of neurotransmitters is defined how?

A

A process of reabsorption by which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed/sucked back up into axon endings and are returned back to storage

44
Q

Can reslilient children still experience emotional distress?

A

Resilience: the ability to adapt succesfully to very difficult circumstances.
ex: A child who persevers and does well in school despite parents drug addiction/abuse

–Resilient children may also expereince emotional distress in certain circumstances with more difficulties

45
Q

Tracy and Shahid are both 3 months old. Tracy is highly active, easily irritated, and cries easily. Shahid is quiet, adapts easitly to change and seems fearless. THese differences illustrate what trait?

A

Temperment

  • -Temperment: refers to a child’s reactivity and characteristic ways of self-regualtion
    • Our temperment is the basis of which our personality develops
  • -genetic and environmental influences
46
Q

Cortisol is a hormone that does what?

A

Is a stress hormone and it mobilizes the body to deal with stress

47
Q

After cheating on her husband and feeling ashamed, Julia accused her husband of feeling ashamed. Such behavior is explained by which defense mechanism?

A

Projection

48
Q

Alicia developed a fear of spiders after being bitten by one. However, she has no problems looking at pictures of spiders. THis is an example of?

A

Discrimination

49
Q

Dr. Vera says, “It may only provide a limited view of a person’s problems, but it is important for planning appropriate treatment. Administratively it is essential so that a facility can know what kinds of problems clients need help with. Even if we don’t want to do it, insurance claims require it.” WHat is Dr. Vera reffering to?

A

..???

50
Q

What is the connection between assessment and professional orientation?

A

–Psychological assessment: procedures to summarize a clients problems

–the focus of the assessment will be largely determined by the professional orientation of the client

51
Q

How do you define reliability?

A

Is a term describing the degree to which an assessment measure produces the SAME result each time it is used to evaluate the same thing

ex: a scale and your weight

52
Q

Psychological test results are often compared to each other to determine a mid-range or normal point. In order to accomplish this, test administration must be completely consistent from one person to the next. This process is called what?

A

Standardization

53
Q

Which medical procedure makes it possible to see all BUT the most minute abnormalities of the brain structure?

A

MRI

54
Q

What does an MRI do?

A

–can reveal brain structure but NOT activity. possible to see all but minute abnormalities of brain structure.

55
Q

What does a CAT scan do?

A

Shows images of parts of brain

–the shape and structure

56
Q

What does a PET scan do?

A
  • How organ is functioning
  • help get clear cut of brain pathology
  • but very quality picture
57
Q

What does an fMRI do?

A

Measures changes in oxygenation

58
Q

What does an EEG do?

A

assesses brain wave patterns in wake and sleep states

–Used to reveal dyshythmia–> irregular pattern

59
Q

What does an neuropsychological assessment do?

A

Uses various testing devices to measure a persons cognitive, perceptual and motor performance as clues to find brain damage

60
Q

Danielle is having porbelms with drinking. She goes to a psycholgist who gives her a form to fill out. IT has a list of statements about drinking and problems associated with drinking. She is to rate each item between 1 and 3. This is an example of?

A

Rating scale

61
Q

Ed has suffered a head injusty in a car accident. he is referred to a psychologist to see what types of impairment now exist and to get some suggestions for treatment. The best assessment strategy would be?

A

neuropsychological test

62
Q

The MMPI is defined as what type of assessment?

A

Personality assessment to observe personality characteristics

63
Q

Who was the first contributor to the development of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders (DSM 5)?

A

Emil Kraepelin

64
Q

What are reasons for classifying mental disorders?

A
  • provide a common language
  • Make disorders easier to study/understand
  • Insurance reimbursment
65
Q

What are some advantages of having a classification system for mental disorders?

A
  • provide a common language
  • make disorders easier to study/understand
  • insurance reimbursment
66
Q

What are some disadvantages to having a classification system for mental disorders?

A
  • Loss of individual information– person becomes disorder
  • labeling (stereotyping)
  • self-concept impact– person may see themselves differently after diagnosised
67
Q

What is comorbidity?

A

Pressence of two or more disorders in the same individual

68
Q

What are some types of personality test?

A

– measure personal characteristics

  • -The Roshach Test– Pictures and supposed to say what you see
  • -TAT– uses pictures and client is to make up story
  • -Sentence completion (I wish… I hate…)
  • -MMPI (structured personality test)
69
Q

What is diagnosis?

A

The process in which clinician arrives at a clearly defined symptoms (what is wrong with person)

70
Q

What is an assessment?

A

Procedure in which clinicians use tests, observations, interviews to gather information to develop a summary of clients symptoms

71
Q

What is the Biopsycholosocial approach?

A

–Acknowledges that biological, psychological and sociological factors all interact and play a role in psychopathology and treatment.

–Disordered behaviors arise from genetic, psychological states, and social circumstances

  • Biological: Inbalances in brain chemistry–genetic predispositions
  • -psychological: troubled emotions or distorted thinking
  • -Social/cultural: family relationships– sexual/racial bias
72
Q

Validity

A

Extent to which a measuring instrument meausres what it is supposed to measure

73
Q

What are some indicators of abnormality?

A
  • -Subject to distress– distress with depression impairs overall everyday life
  • -maladpativeness– interferes with well-being. innapropriate response to stimuli
  • -statistical divenece–someone in population is rare and reacting in inappropriate ways
  • -violation of standards in society–not following norms of society
  • -social discomfort– not social properly. not following unspoken rules of society
  • -irrationality and unpredictability– can’t control themselves
  • -dangerousness– dangerous to themselves and others
74
Q

What is standardization?

A

In which a test is administered, scroed and interpreted in a consistent “standard” way

75
Q

What do rating scales do?

A

They help to organize information and encourage reliability

76
Q

What are protective factors?

A

They decrease the liklihood of negative outcomes among those at risk

77
Q

What are two risk factors?

A

Distal: occur early in life but dont show effects till later in life

Proximal: happen shortly before occurance of symptoms

78
Q

What are reinforceres and punishers?

A

Reinforcers: reponses that increase the probability of a behvaior to be repeated (+/-)

Punishers: responses that decrease the probabliliyt of a behavior to be repeated

79
Q

What are self-reports, case studies, and observational approaches?

A

Self reports: interviews and questionairs

Case studies: people are observed and described. researchers leave out info.

Oberservational: observe without permission and look at how patients react. can only observe external behvaior

80
Q

What is the difference between prevalence and incidence?

A

Prevalence: number of active cases in a life time
Incidence: number of active case in a time frame or period of time

81
Q

Difference between external and internal validity?

A

External: generalizting to the public
Internal: goal is to get the same results

Abnormal Psych (4 decks)

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