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Exam One Flashcards

1
Q

Do gram + and gram - have a plasma membrane, periplasmic space, and peptidoglycan?

A

Yes

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2
Q

Which class of bacteria has a thick peptidoglycan layer?

A

G +

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3
Q

Which class of bacteria has a outer membrane with LPS

A

G -

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4
Q

Which class of bacteria has mycolic acid outside of it’s peptidoglycan layer?

A

Mycobacteria

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5
Q

G- stains/G+ stains (color)

A

G +: violet/blue

G-: pink

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6
Q

Which class of bacteria’s membrane contains LPS?

A

G-

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7
Q

How do you measure bacterial growth?

A

colony counting, turbidimetry, flow cytometry

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8
Q

What is lipid A and how does it work?

A

Endotoxin, binds to receptor on MO and cytokines and inflammatory factors are released in response.

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9
Q

How can you test for Lipid A?

A

Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL)

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10
Q

What bacteria don’t contain peptidoglycan?

A

mycoplasm and chymydia

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11
Q

Which class of bacteria contain teichoic acid on their cell walls?

A

G +

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12
Q

Which bacteria contribute to acid fast staining due to containing mycolic acid?

A

Mycobacteria

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13
Q

Flagella are used for?

A

locomotion/mobility

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14
Q

Fimbriae are used for?

A

adherence

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15
Q

Endoflagella/axial filaments are present in _______

A

spirochetes

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16
Q

What are exotoxins?

A

Produced inside pathogenic bacteria, G +, secreted, A-B toxins, membrane disrupting toxins, superantigens

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17
Q

What are endotoxins?

A

lipid portion of LPS in G-, liberated when the bacteria die

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18
Q

A-B toxins contain two polypeptides. What does A polypeptide do? Enzyme B?

A

A: active enzyme, kills the cell
B: binding component, binds to the cell, complete toxin is taken into the cell

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19
Q

What is transformation?

A

DNA taken up from surroundings

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20
Q

What is transduction?

A

DNA transferred by virus

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21
Q

What are obligate intracellular pathogens?

A

rickettsia, chlamydia

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22
Q

What is a facultative intracellular pathogen?

A

mycobacterium

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23
Q

What is the MIC?

A

minimum amount of drug required to inhibit bacterial growth. Drugs w/ lower MIC values are better choices.

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24
Q

What are G+ cocci?

A

Staphylococcus
Streptcoccus
Enterococcus
Micrococcus

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25
Q

Staphylococcus

A

faculatative anaerobic catalase + cocci

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26
Q

What Staphylococci is associated with Canine Dz?

A

Staph. pseudintermedius

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27
Q

What causes Greasy Pig Dz?

A

Staph. hyicus

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28
Q

What causes Sub-acute/Per-Actue mastitis in cows? What causes ulcerative pododermatitis and cervical lymphdenitis in sheep? Bumblefoot? Botryomycosis in rodents etc?

A

Staph. aureus

Sheep- S. auerus subsp anaerobius

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29
Q

M protein is a virulence factor for ______

A

Streptococcus

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30
Q

What causes Scarlet fever in humans?

A

Strep pyogenes

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31
Q

What organism causes Strangles?

A

Strep. equi subsp equi

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32
Q

What causes Group G strep infections in dogs and cats?

A

Strep canis

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33
Q

What causes septicemia in pigs and meningitis in humans?

A

Strep suis

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34
Q

What causes acute fulminating septicemia in fish and has a high zoonotic risk?

A

Strep. iniae

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35
Q

What causes Jowl Abscess in pigs?

A

Strep porcinus

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36
Q

What are virulence factors associated with Strep equi?

A

hyaluronic acid capsule and M protein

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37
Q

Is the G+ rod Rhodococcus a cocci bacteria?

A

No

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38
Q

What causes septicemic listeriosis in poultry? Which of these is associated with ruminant abortion? CNS form in ruminants

A

Listeria
Rum Abortion- Listeria ivanovii
CNS- Listeria innocua

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39
Q

Where do facultative intracellular bacteria persist?

A

macrophages

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40
Q

What are virulence factors for G + rods?

A

Internalin- adhesion, entry phagocytosis
Listeriolysin O- multiplication, release from phagosome
Act A- intracellular movement

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41
Q

What bacteria can cause circling dz (goats) and unilateral facial nerve paralysis?

A

Listeriosis

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42
Q

Dz outcome is dependent on

A

of organisms exposed to
route of exposure
virulence of strain
immune status of host

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43
Q

Erysipelothris rheusiopathiae

A

none spore forming G+
most common in pigs and birds, zoonotic
Causes Rhomboid shape lesions on
Vegetative endocardiditis in birds

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44
Q

Erysipelothrix tonsillarum

A

Not virulent in pigs, associated in canine dz

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45
Q

What causes Contagious Bovine Pylonephritis?

A

Coryrebacterium renale group

C. renale, C. cystiditis, C. pilosum

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46
Q

Corynebacterium stats

A

Has mycolic acid
g+
fac. anerobe
catalase +

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47
Q

How is Contagious Bovine Polynephritis contracted?

A

contaminated bedding, venereal transmission, non- sterile OB insturments
risk factors: trauma to bladder and urethra during partrution

48
Q

What causes Caseous lymphadentitis in sheep and goats? Stats? How is this dz characterized

A

Corynebacterium pseduotuberculosis
Stats: g+, fac. anaerobe, intracellular cocoobacillus
Characteried: abscess in or near major peripheral lypmh nodes (external form goats) or w/i internal organs and lymph nodes (external form- sheep)

49
Q

What causes Pigeon Fever/Colorado Strangles/Dry Land Distemper in Horses? Where can it be found? How do horses get it? What does the dz look like?

A

Nitrogen reducing biotype of C. pseudotuberculosis
Found in Midwestern and Western states
Can enter through skin abrasion or via arthopod vector
Dz: Abcesses in pectoral region/ventral abdomen, ulcerative lymphagitis of lower extremities

50
Q

What are virulence factors for Corynebacterium?

A

Exotoxin phospholipase D
damage to endothelial cells and increasing vascular permeability
external lipid coat protects from hydrolytic enzymes

51
Q

How do you dx Corynebacterium infection?

A

culture of purulent materials

SHI detects Ab to phosopholipase D endotoxin but you can’t tell if it’s past exposure or current

52
Q

What causes Murine Pseudotuberculosis?

A

Corynebacterium Kutscheri

53
Q

What species does Corynebacterium bovis infect?

54
Q

What’s the main causative agent of foal pneumonia?

A

Rhodococcus equi

55
Q

Where can Rhodococcus equi be found and what are it’s virulence factors?

A 
Soil, virulence maintained in horses
cholesterol oxidase (equi factor)
capsule
Virulence Associated Proteins (VAPs) (encoded on large plasmids, promotes survival in macrophages)
Phospholipase C
56
Q

How do you screen and dx Rhodococcus equi?

A

Screen: evaluate premesis, look for elevated plasma fibrinogen, visual inspection, serology NOT reliable
DX: culture or PCR on transtrachel aspirate and cytologic evidence of sepsis, smears

57
Q

Nocardiosis is caused by what? Stats? What does the dz look like? What’s the main species isolated in dogs and cats?

A

Nocardia
Pleomorphic, G+, faculatative intracellular, non motile/non spore forming
Dz: mastitis, pneumonia, abcesses, and cutaneus/sq lesions
Main species in dogs and cats N. asteroides

58
Q

What causes Bovine Farcy? What are the lesions associated with it?

A

N. asteroides, lymphagitis and lymphaddinitis

59
Q

Nocardia Dx, Tx, Control

A

Dx- culture, acid fast
Tx: varies w/ species, aminoglycoside + carbapenum or single tx of timethoprim/sulfa
Control- difficult, dz is sporadic

60
Q

Do actinomyces, Trueperella, Actinobaculum have mycolic acid?

61
Q

Many antibiotics such as amphotericin, tetracyline, erthymycin, streptomycin, gentomycin are made from this bacteria

A

Actinomycetes

62
Q

What’s the biggest cause of pneumonia in cattle?

A

Trueperella pyogenes

63
Q

This is a common soil dwelling enviromental saprophyte that produces cell fragments that resemble fungal spores

A

Actinomycete

64
Q

What is the habitat of pathogenic species of Actinomyces?

A

mucosa of oropharynx

65
Q

What kind of Dz does actinomyces cause?

A

chronic, progressive, pyogranulomatous (actinomyces grow as colonies in the center)
It’s initiated by disruption of mucosal barrier often from plant material, bite wounds, or oral trauma
Chronic infections cause bone lysis

66
Q

What causes Pyogranulomatous osteomylitis/lumpy jaw in cattle?

A

Actinomyces bovis

67
Q

A hunting dog has a sublumbar abcess, on culture you see a pyogranulomatous lesion with something growing in the center. what do you suspect and how would you dx, tx and control?

A

Actinomyces hordeovulneris from foxtail
dx: aerobic and anerobic culture
tx- penicillain g long term, sx excision of foriegn body/lesion
control: minimize risk of foriegn bodies

68
Q

What does Dermatophilus congolenis look like and how can you stain it?

A

It looks like train tracks

Can stain with Methyline blue (most common) and Giemsa

69
Q

What causes Rain Scald and Strawberry Footrot?

A

Dermatophilus congolenis

70
Q

What species does Dermatophilus congolenis affect and what’s the dz like?

A

Affects cattle, sheep, goats, and horses (less common pigs, dogs, cats)
Dz: Motile zoospores on moist damaged skin cause epidermal abcesses w/ hyperkeratosis

71
Q

How would you culture Dermatophilus congolensis?

A

grows on selective and non-selective blood agar

catalase +, hemolytic carotenoid pigment

72
Q

Trueperella pyogenes stats

A

pleomorphic, fac. anaerobe, non-spore forming, non-capsulated, capnophilic

73
Q

What causes summer mastitis? Is it communicable?

A

Trueperella pyogenes
Yes, communicable in dairy cattle during dry period
Also causes abortions in cattle

74
Q

A boar presents with cystitis and polynephritis 3-4 weeks after mating. What caused this?

A

Actinobaculum suis, anerobic STD,

75
Q

What is the virulence factor for Actinobaculum suis?

76
Q

Bacillus stats

A

large G+ rod
endospore forming
Aerboic/fac anaerobe
vary in hemolytic activity

77
Q

What are the virulence factors for Bacillus anthracis? What is special about them?

A

capsule
anthrax toxin
Both virulence factors are encoded on plasmids, both are needed for virulence

78
Q

What’s the McFadyean Txn?

A

capsule stains w/ a pink shadow w/ polychromatic methyline blue

79
Q

What 3 factors compose anthrax toxin and what do they do?

A

Edema- inhibits neutrophils
Lethal- zinc metalloprotease, causes cell death
Protective- cell binding, translocating into cell

80
Q

What is Wool Sorter’s Dz

A

Pulmonary inf of Bacillus anthracis in humans

81
Q

What are some ante-mortem signs of anthrax in cows/horses?

A

High fever, bleeding from orafices, shock, respiratory distress

82
Q

What are some post-mortem signs seen in Anthrax?

A

Dark unclotted blood
incomplete rigor mortis
splenomegaly

83
Q

What are some characteristics of swine with anthrax?

A

pharyngeal ulcerative lesions followed by regional lymphadentits
happens after eating contaminated meat and bone meal

Similar for dogs, dogs also get septicemia

84
Q

How would you dx/tx/control anthrax?

A

blood smear
aerobic culture and PCR from blood
spleen samples
NO NECROPSY

TX: antimicrobials (penicillan, tetracycline, doxy, cipro)
Control: vx

85
Q

What causes Tyszzer’s dz in lab animals?

A

Clostridium piliforme

86
Q

Clostridium stats

A

large, endospore forming, G+ rods

87
Q

What are Clostridium’s virulence factors?

A

bacterial protein toxins
require anaerobic conditions
necrosis common predisposing factor

88
Q

What does tetanus cause?

A

Spastic paralysis

89
Q

How do you dx Tetanus?

A

Basically look for a wound and clinical signs

90
Q

How do you tx Tetanus?

A

Anti-toxin, Anti-tetanus, Antimicrobial tx, sx debridement, supportive care

91
Q

What food poisoning neurotoxin bacteria causes symmetrical flaccid paralysis of muscles and eventually death by respiratory failure?

A

Clostriudium botulinum

92
Q

Dx C. botulinum

A

toxin in animal
toxin in food/stomach contents
MALDI TOF

93
Q

Tx of botulism

A

IV or IM antitoxin (unbound only)
Drugs that enhance ACH release
Supportive care

94
Q

Black leg is caused by

A

Clostridium chauvoei

95
Q

What does black leg do?

A

100% fatality in sheep and cattle, emphysemous swelling commonly affecting heavy muscles, myocardium, and diaphram

96
Q

Black dz/Necrotic Hepatitis is caused by _______

A

C. novyi type B

97
Q

C septicum causes

A

toxemia in all species/ages

exotoxins cause excessive inflammation, resulting in sever edema, necrosis and gangrene

98
Q

What causes Braxy in sheep? What is Braxy?

A

C. septicum

Fatal infection w/ toxemia and inflammation of the abomasal wall

99
Q

Dx of Clostridial necrotic myositis?

A

DFA (flurenscense)

100
Q

Tx/Control of necrotic myositis?

A

penicillin
hyperbaric oxygen
surgical debridement/amputation
vx

101
Q

C perfingens Type D causes _______

A

Pulpy kidney dz

102
Q

How to dx C. perfingens

A

Culture (toxin genotype)
microscopic appearance
ELISA in dogs

103
Q

Tx and Control for C. perfingens

A

hyperimmune serum

Control: vx

104
Q

What do most infections of Clostridium difficile arise from?

A

Disruption of natural GI flora (Dybiosis) due to antibiotic use

105
Q

What does C. dificil Toxin A do? Toxin B?

A

Toxin A: enterotoxin, fluid loss affect G proteins

Toxin B: cytotoxin, acts synergistically with Tox A

106
Q

How to dx C. difficile?

A

Culture- obligate anaerobe, vegetative cells sensitive to handling/tx
Direct toxin detection
Stop antibiotics and avoid anti-diarrheals

107
Q

What gives Rabbits antibiotic induced diarrhea?

A

Clostridium spiroforme

108
Q

How could you culture a non-spore forming anaerobe?

A

Media enriched with vitamin K, hemin and other growth factors

109
Q

What is a virulence factor of Fusobacterium necrophorum?

A

leukotoxin

110
Q

What are virulence factors of non spore forming anaerobes

A

catalase and superoxide dismutase

synergistic activities- damage tissue for another organism

111
Q

Anaerobic infections

A

Endogenous
Anaerobic
Localized
Mixed/Polymicrobial

112
Q

Signs in anaerobic infection

A

Foul smell, gas in tissues, necrosis

Infections not responding to aminoglycosides

113
Q

What causes foot rot in sheep?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus

114
Q

What causes calf diphtheria- necrotic laryngitis

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

115
Q

How to dx Fusobacterium necrophorum

A

Culture

Tx: remove necrotic tissue, oxygenate, foot baths, antimicrobials (metronidazole)

116
Q

How can you ID anaerobes?

A

MALDI-TOF
Biochem test kits
16s rRNA gene sequencing

Bacteriology (3 decks)

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