Exam one Flashcards
Nurhaci (1559-1626)
Unified the Jurchen tribes
Laid formation for the qing rule with “banner system”
Declared war on the Ming
Hong Taiji (1592-1643)
The son of Nurhaci
Renamed the Jurchen people to Manchu, and the Great Jin Dynasty became the Great Qing Dynasty
Who was the general that assisted in the Li Zicheng Rebellion against Ming (1644)
Shankai Guan
Kangxi Emperor (r. 1662-1722)
Suppressed remaining Ming
Annexed Mongolia and Tibet
Adopted many Ming traditions including Confucianism
Yongzheng Emperor (r. 1723-1735)
Ascended throne despite succession disputes
Tightened control over gov.
Worked himself to death
Created a deficit
Qianlong Emperor (r. 1736-1795)
The Qing emperor advanced China into not only its largest territorial control in the Qing dynasty but also the reason for the Qing dynasty’s overwhelming prosperity and power for many years to come. He was known as the “Universal Ruler” as he understood almost every language spoken in his kingdom along with an understanding of their cultures. Established a powerful and far-reaching trade system where China became the leading nation in silver.
The Manchus
Originally called the Jurchen, the Manchu started as nomadic tribes of hunters located in the Northeastern Manchuria region. They were skilled in horseback riding and archery. Eventually, they were unified under Nurhaci who created a banner system of military units composed of different tribes. With this newfound unity, the Manchu were able to overthrow the ruling Ming Dynasty and establish their own Qing Dynasty which was one of the most powerful and prosperous dynasties that China had, and would, ever see.
First Opium War (1839-42)
First war was kicked off after British vandalized a temple and killed a Chinese man. Significant because it was the first signs of Chinese inferiority in the face of Western advancement. ^ military engagements. Led to the start of the unequal treaties.
Second Opium War (1856-60)
Second war occurred when Chinese tried to investigate the illegal opium trading, and they entered a “British” ship in search. Led destruction of the Summer Palace and treaty of Tianjin. Better trades, opium legal, Christian cults, extranationality.
Treaty of Nanjing (1842)
Abolished Canton system, was the first unequal treaty and was a sign of things to come. Massive tariff reduction, and amendments.
The Taiping Rebellion (1850-64)
Hong Xiuquan (1814-64) and “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace” (1851-64)
Anti-Manchu stance – “The Manchus poisoned China”
Qing court relied on provisional Chinese governors to suppress the rebel forces
Can be toted as one of the reasons for the eventual fall of the Qing dynasty as it greatly weakened the government
Self-Strengthening Movement
30 years: new foreign ministry, new schools (schools for foreign languages), military modernizations, and industrialization (Canton textiles). It was a movement that was intended to shift China into the modern era, but it failed for a multitude of reasons. There was still a lot of conservatism, there was little outreach to the people, and there
Kang Youwei (1858-1927)
One of the leading people creating the nationalist movement
10-thousand word petition
He pushed for radical change to allow China to prosper once again
Eventually settled in Japan
Believed in shift of China’s treatment towards women
Wanted to shift the education, banking, and postal systems in China
100 days reform: was shut down almost immediately because of conservative backlash
The Boxer Rebellion
A Chinese secret society called the “Righteous and Harmonious Fists” (yihetuan)
Anti-foreign, anti-Christian uprising in North China
The Eight-Nation Alliance and the Siege of Beijing; the Boxer Protocol (1901)
What year did Yuan Shikai take the role of Emperor?
1915
The New Culture Movement
A progressive sociopolitical movement during the 1910s and 1920s characterized by widespread criticism of traditional Chinese culture and the promotion of Western ideas, particularly science and democracy.
The Revolution of 1911
Mostly a result of the attempted nationalization of the railroads, republic and non-republic
The Wuchang uprising; there was mutiny in the New Army
The Qing court relied on Yuan Shikai to suppress the uprising
Sun was elected the provisional president of the Nationalist party
This was the revolution that overthrew the Qing dynasty after nearly 300 years. And it ended the imperial China that had lasted 2,000 years.
This led to Yuan Shikai being appointed as the new president.
Treaty of Versailles (1919)
Qingdao or Shandong was given to Japan despite technically being in China, this showed that the Big Four sided with Japan
The May Fourth Movement
Nation-wide protests that fueled a surge in Chinese nationalism
Started as a Student demonstration in front of Tian’anmen in Beijing
Growing skepticism toward Western-style liberal democracy
The rise of radical intellectuals and the founding of the Chinese Communist Party (1921)
This was the intellectual turning point for China
Western liberalism had lost most of its attraction
Some returned to Confucianism while others moved to Marxism
Led to the formation of the Chinese Communist Party under Chen Duxui
The First United Front (1923-27)
Part of the Northern Expedition, the United Front was a combination of the Nationalist Party led by Chiang Kai-shek. Their initial goal was to get rid of the Warlords that had been plaguing most of inland China…
The Nanjing Decade (1927-37)
A decade where Chiang ruled China from Nanjing, he made a lot of political and economic reforms.
Chiang’s Nationalist Government in Nanjing
Military unification
Economic and military modernization
Almost 50% of China’s budget went into the military
Anti-Communism; economic modernization; and international recognition
Chiang Kai-Shek hated the communists and did everything in his power to wipe them out.
At the same time, Chiang Kai-Shek’s Nationalist party was recognized by the West as a proper nation and government.
The New Life Movement (1934)
Chiang wanted people to change their systems of belief to a more traditional Confucionistic style
He also wanted to militarize the people of China in order to create a more powerful military nation
After the Great Depression, he became more and more Conservative, eventually turning to Fascism
The Shanghai Massacre and its aftermath
Wiped out a lot of communists, and created a rift between communists and the Nationalist Party. This helped the communist party, unlike the conventional Soviet system of communism, rather than the workers in the cities being the focus, in China the peasants were a much better target for a communist movement.
The Rise of Mao Zedong in the 1920s
Through the 1920s, Mao Zedong was just one of hundreds of Communist Party organizers
He was born in a farming village
He was very charismatic and worked constantly throughout the 1920s to build up the communist party using any connections that he had made over the years
By 1927 he had amassed a small peasant army which he led to help other peasants in the countryside
The Long March (1934-35)
Ended up in the Shaanxi, they started with 80,000 and ended with only 8,000
They had traveled 6,000 miles in 370 days
The Nanjing Massacre (1937)
Japan invaded Nanjing and with utmost brutality slaughtered over 40,000 people. They even had competitions to see who could kill 100 people first.
The formation of the Second United Front
Zhang Wueling believed that the people needed to rise up against the Japanese.
What key factors led to the Chinese Communist Party’s victory?
the CCP had fast growing support, they had superior military organization and leaders. But not only that, the KMT had been allocating everything into major cities alone, they were very unpopular, they were suffering from outrageously high inflation.
The Great Leap Forward (1958-61)
Goal: rapid industrialization and collectivization to propel China’s economy forward
Policies: Establishment of communes, forced collectivization, and backyard steel production
Consequences: severe economic mismanagement leading to catastrophic famine, with an estimated 15-45 million deaths
The Cultural Revolution (1966-76)
Mao Zedong published a piece labeled “Bombard the Headquarters,” essentially calling for overthrowing the political leaders trying to replace Mao.
Political objectives: Mao’s attempt to reassert his authority and eliminate perceived capitalist and revisionist elements
New power bases: People’s Liberation Army (PLA); the Gang of Four; the Red Guards
Destruction of cultural heritage: “Smash the Four Olds” campaign
The Rise of Deng Xiaoping
The Four Modernizations – “Socialism with Chinese Characteristics”
- agriculture, industry, Science and technology, national defense.
Beijing’s “Democracy Wall”
The Four Cardinal Principles
