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CCP Biology > Exam One > Flashcards

Exam One Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Properties of Life

A

Order
Energy Processing
Growth and Development
Response to the Environment
Regulation
Reproduction
Evolutionary Adaptation

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2
Q

Describe and place biological levels of organization

A

Biosphere- All life on Earth and the places where life exists

Ecosystems- All living things in a particular area and nonliving components with which they interact

Communities- Array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem

Populations- All the individuals of a species living within a specific area

Organisms- Individual living things

Organs- Body part made of tissue, has a specific function

Tissues- Group of cells working together to perform a specialized function
Cells- Fundamental unit of structure and function of life

Organelles- A particular functional component within a cell

Molecules- Chemical structure of two or more atoms

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3
Q

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic

A

Prokaryotic-Cells lack a nucleus or other membrane enclosed organelles

Eukaryotic- cells contain membrane enclosed organelles

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4
Q

Process involved in the conversion of DNA to proteins

A

DNA—(transcription)—MRNA—(translation— Amino acid chain—(protein folding)— Protein

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5
Q

Genome

A

Library of genetic instructions inherited by an organism

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6
Q

Genomics

A

Study of the whole set of genes in 1+ species

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7
Q

Proteome

A

Set of proteins and their properties

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8
Q

Proteonomics

A

Study of sets of proteins and their properties

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9
Q

Describe methods by which producers make organic compounds and energy transformations that occur

A

Photosynthesis-Conversion of light energy and CO.2 to chemical energy

Chemosynthesis- Conversion of inorganic chemicals to chemical energy through oxidation

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10
Q

Positive and Negative feedback
(provide examples)

A

Positive-Regulation in which the output increases the process, leading to additional product

Negative- Regulation in which the output reduces the production

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11
Q

Evolution

A

concept that the organisms living on Earth today are modified descendants of common ancestors

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12
Q

Domains of Life

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

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13
Q

Kingdoms of Life

A

Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Protista

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14
Q

Scientific Proces

A

Make an Observation
Ask a Question
Form a Hypothesis
Make a Prediction
Experiment
Gather Data
Analyze Results
Form Conclusions
Replicate Results
Publish Findings

Not always in this order

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15
Q

Charles Darwin’s observations

A

Individuals in population vary in traits many of which are inherited

Population produce more offspring than can survive to produce offspring

Species are suited to their environments

Individuals with inherited traits are better suited to local environment and are more likely to survive and reproduce

After many generations more individuals exist with advantageous traits

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16
Q

Describe Subatomic Particles

A

Proton +
Nucleus

Neutron 0
Nucleus

Electron -
Determines how atoms will bond to form compounds

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17
Q

types of elements form ionic bonds

A

Metals and Nonmetals

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18
Q

Types of elements form covalent bonds

A

Nonmetals

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19
Q

Polar vs. Nonpolar

A

polar bonds have an unequal sharing of electrons
Nonpolar bonds have an equal sharing of electrons

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20
Q

Dipole-Dipole

A

attractive forces between partial positive charge and partial negative charge of adjacent molecule

Between Polar molecules

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21
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

attractive force hydrogen bound to a highly electronegative atom is attracted to lone electrons of an adjacent molecule

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22
Q

Van der Wals Forces

A

attractive forces occur within nonpolar compounds; include London dispersion forces

nonpolar compounds

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23
Q

London dispersion forces

A

attraction due to a temporarily induced dipole

nonpolar compounds

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24
Q

Products vs. Reactants
Reversible Reaction

A

Reactants can form products and products can reform into reactants

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25
Q

Chemical equilibrium

A

forward reaction and reverse reaction occur simultaneously and at equal rates

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26
Q

Water Suitability for Life

A

Cohesion
Temperature Moderation
Solvent Versatility
Properties of Ice

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27
Q

Cohesion

A

The linking together of like molecules, often through hydrogen bonds

Attraction to each other

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28
Q

Adhesion

A

The ability of one substance to cling to another
substance

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29
Q

Surface Tension

A

Measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

Tendency of liquid surfaces to shrink into minimum surface area possible

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30
Q

Specific heat of water and effect on water’s properties

A

High specific heat

larger amounts of energy needed

Stabilizes temperatures on Earth

31
Q

Heat of Vaporization and effects on waters properties

A

Energy, as heat, required for 1g of a substance to convert between liquid and gaseous states

Large amts of energy needed to vaporize

Energy comes from the surroundings allowing surroundings to cool

32
Q

Compare properties of liquid water and ice

A

Floats on water due to have a lower density

Larger volume than liquid water, giving a lower density

Bent shape, ability to form multiple H bonds

Water’s density is temperature dependent

33
Q

Compare heat, temperature, and thermal energy

A

Heat- energy transferred between objects of different temperatures

Temperature- avg kinetic energy of particles in a substance “hot or cold”

Thermal energy- kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules

34
Q

Solution

A

Homogeneous mixture of two or more substances uniformly dispersed in a single phase

35
Q

Solvent

A

Component of solution in which another substance is dissolved
larger amount

36
Q

Solute

A

Substance that is dissolved
Lesser amount

37
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Substances are not attracted to water
nonpolar substances

ex. oil

38
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Substances are attracted to water
ionic and polar substances

ex. vinegar

39
Q

pH scale ranges

A

Ranges from 0-14
pH < 7: acid
pH = 7: neutral
pH > 7: base

40
Q

pH

A

measurement of the amount of hydronium (hydrogen) ion in solution H.3O+ (acidic)
basic- made of mostly OH- water loses H+

41
Q

Elements of interest
Organic chemistry

A

CARBON is vital in Biology
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Sulfur

42
Q

Major biological molecules
Carbohydrates

A

Serve as fuel source

Composed of sugars and sugar polymers

43
Q

Major biological molecules
Lipids

A

Hydrophobic Molecules
Important in cellular membranes

44
Q

Major biological molecules
Proteins

A

Possess a range of functions
including
enzymes, transport, communication, movement, etc.

Composed of polypeptides

45
Q

Major biological molecules
Nucleic Acids

A

Store, transmit, and express hereditary information

Monomers that join to form nucleic acids

5-carbon sugar, base, and phosphate group

46
Q

Smallest units of each major biological molecule

A

Carbohydrate
Monosaccharide

Lipid
Glycerol

Protein
Amino Acid

Nucleic Acid
Nucleotide

47
Q

Carbohydrates and how more complex carbohydrates are made

A

Monosaccharide
Simple sugar that has a multiple of the empirical formula CH.2O

Disaccharide
Two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond through dehydration reaction

Polysaccharide
Macromolecules of many monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds

48
Q

Types of polysaccharides
Storage

A

Starch-polymer of glucose stored in plants

Glycogen-
Polymer of glucose in animals

49
Q

Types of polysaccharides
Structural

A

Cellulose- polymer of two slightly different ring structures for glucose

Chitin- polysaccharide with nitrogen attachment

50
Q

Types of Lipids and Roles

Fats

A

Glycerol (alcohol)
3 fatty acids

long chain of hydrocarbons, may be saturated

51
Q

Types of Lipids and Roles
Phospholipids

A

Glycerol
2 Fatty acids
Phosphate amino acid group

Important component in cellular membranes as lipid bilayer

52
Q

Steroids

A

4 fused carbon rings

Diff. by groups added to rings cholesterol-steroid molecule

important for cellular membranes

53
Q

Components of Amino Acids

Not sure if this is right

A

Amino Group
Primary
Sequence of amino acids

Carboxyl Group
Secondary
Interactions between amino and carboxyl groups along backbone

Unique R Group
Tertiary
Interactions between the R groups

Hydrogen
Quarternary
Overall protein structure due to the arrangement of subunits

54
Q

name and describe process by which proteins become inactive

A

Denaturing proteins

Involves the destruction of protein structure, rendering the protein inactive

55
Q

nucleotides vs. nucleosides

A

Nucleotides contain 5-carbon sugar, base, and phosphate group

Nucleosides consist of 5-carbon sugar and base only

56
Q

Purines vs. Pyrimidines

A

Purines- contain adenine and guanine
double ring structure

Pyrimidines- contain cystosine, thymine, and uracil

57
Q

Types of bonds of organic compounds
Bonds in carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid

A

Carbohydrates- Glycosidic (covalent)

Proteins- Peptide bond

Lipid- Carbon- Hydrogen Bond

Nucleic acid-phosphodiester and hydrogen

58
Q

DNA vs. RNA

DNA components

A

Deoxyribose
Purine: Adenine and guanine
Pyrimidines: Cytosine and thymine

59
Q

DNA vs. RNA

RNA components

A

Ribose
Purines: adenine and guanine
Pyrimidines: cytosine and uracil

60
Q

DNA structure

A

Double stranded helix
Antiparallel strands
Complementary base
a-t
g-c

61
Q

Inquiry

A

The search for information and explanations of natural phenomena

62
Q

Qualitative
Quantitive

A

Data that pertains to observations
Data than pertains to measurements

63
Q

Inductive
Deductive

A

Derive generalizations from many specific observations

Logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise

64
Q

Descent with Modification

A

Contemporary species arose from succession of ancestors that differed from them

65
Q

Biosphere

A

All life on Earth and the places where life exists

66
Q

Ecosystems

A

all living things in a particular area and nonliving components with which they interact

67
Q

Communities

A

Array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem

68
Q

Populations

A

All the individuals of a species living within a specific area

69
Q

Organisms

A

individual living things

70
Q

Organ

A

body part that is made of and has a specific function

71
Q

Tissue

A

group of cells working together to perform a specialized function

72
Q

cell

A

fundamental unit of structure and function of life

73
Q

Organelle

A

A particular functional component within a cell

74
Q

Molecule

A

Chemical structure of two or more atoms

CCP Biology (4 decks)

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