Exam One Flashcards
Properties of Life
Order
Energy Processing
Growth and Development
Response to the Environment
Regulation
Reproduction
Evolutionary Adaptation
Describe and place biological levels of organization
Biosphere- All life on Earth and the places where life exists
Ecosystems- All living things in a particular area and nonliving components with which they interact
Communities- Array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem
Populations- All the individuals of a species living within a specific area
Organisms- Individual living things
Organs- Body part made of tissue, has a specific function
Tissues- Group of cells working together to perform a specialized function
Cells- Fundamental unit of structure and function of life
Organelles- A particular functional component within a cell
Molecules- Chemical structure of two or more atoms
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic-Cells lack a nucleus or other membrane enclosed organelles
Eukaryotic- cells contain membrane enclosed organelles
Process involved in the conversion of DNA to proteins
DNA—(transcription)—MRNA—(translation— Amino acid chain—(protein folding)— Protein
Genome
Library of genetic instructions inherited by an organism
Genomics
Study of the whole set of genes in 1+ species
Proteome
Set of proteins and their properties
Proteonomics
Study of sets of proteins and their properties
Describe methods by which producers make organic compounds and energy transformations that occur
Photosynthesis-Conversion of light energy and CO.2 to chemical energy
Chemosynthesis- Conversion of inorganic chemicals to chemical energy through oxidation
Positive and Negative feedback
(provide examples)
Positive-Regulation in which the output increases the process, leading to additional product
Negative- Regulation in which the output reduces the production
Evolution
concept that the organisms living on Earth today are modified descendants of common ancestors
Domains of Life
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Kingdoms of Life
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Protista
Scientific Proces
Make an Observation
Ask a Question
Form a Hypothesis
Make a Prediction
Experiment
Gather Data
Analyze Results
Form Conclusions
Replicate Results
Publish Findings
Not always in this order
Charles Darwin’s observations
Individuals in population vary in traits many of which are inherited
Population produce more offspring than can survive to produce offspring
Species are suited to their environments
Individuals with inherited traits are better suited to local environment and are more likely to survive and reproduce
After many generations more individuals exist with advantageous traits
Describe Subatomic Particles
Proton +
Nucleus
Neutron 0
Nucleus
Electron -
Determines how atoms will bond to form compounds
types of elements form ionic bonds
Metals and Nonmetals
Types of elements form covalent bonds
Nonmetals
Polar vs. Nonpolar
polar bonds have an unequal sharing of electrons
Nonpolar bonds have an equal sharing of electrons
Dipole-Dipole
attractive forces between partial positive charge and partial negative charge of adjacent molecule
Between Polar molecules
Hydrogen Bond
attractive force hydrogen bound to a highly electronegative atom is attracted to lone electrons of an adjacent molecule
Van der Wals Forces
attractive forces occur within nonpolar compounds; include London dispersion forces
nonpolar compounds
London dispersion forces
attraction due to a temporarily induced dipole
nonpolar compounds
Products vs. Reactants
Reversible Reaction
Reactants can form products and products can reform into reactants
Chemical equilibrium
forward reaction and reverse reaction occur simultaneously and at equal rates
Water Suitability for Life
Cohesion
Temperature Moderation
Solvent Versatility
Properties of Ice
Cohesion
The linking together of like molecules, often through hydrogen bonds
Attraction to each other
Adhesion
The ability of one substance to cling to another
substance
Surface Tension
Measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
Tendency of liquid surfaces to shrink into minimum surface area possible
Specific heat of water and effect on water’s properties
High specific heat
larger amounts of energy needed
Stabilizes temperatures on Earth
Heat of Vaporization and effects on waters properties
Energy, as heat, required for 1g of a substance to convert between liquid and gaseous states
Large amts of energy needed to vaporize
Energy comes from the surroundings allowing surroundings to cool
Compare properties of liquid water and ice
Floats on water due to have a lower density
Larger volume than liquid water, giving a lower density
Bent shape, ability to form multiple H bonds
Water’s density is temperature dependent
Compare heat, temperature, and thermal energy
Heat- energy transferred between objects of different temperatures
Temperature- avg kinetic energy of particles in a substance “hot or cold”
Thermal energy- kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules
Solution
Homogeneous mixture of two or more substances uniformly dispersed in a single phase
Solvent
Component of solution in which another substance is dissolved
larger amount
Solute
Substance that is dissolved
Lesser amount
Hydrophobic
Substances are not attracted to water
nonpolar substances
ex. oil
Hydrophilic
Substances are attracted to water
ionic and polar substances
ex. vinegar
pH scale ranges
Ranges from 0-14
pH < 7: acid
pH = 7: neutral
pH > 7: base
pH
measurement of the amount of hydronium (hydrogen) ion in solution H.3O+ (acidic)
basic- made of mostly OH- water loses H+
Elements of interest
Organic chemistry
CARBON is vital in Biology
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Major biological molecules
Carbohydrates
Serve as fuel source
Composed of sugars and sugar polymers
Major biological molecules
Lipids
Hydrophobic Molecules
Important in cellular membranes
Major biological molecules
Proteins
Possess a range of functions
including
enzymes, transport, communication, movement, etc.
Composed of polypeptides
Major biological molecules
Nucleic Acids
Store, transmit, and express hereditary information
Monomers that join to form nucleic acids
5-carbon sugar, base, and phosphate group
Smallest units of each major biological molecule
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharide
Lipid
Glycerol
Protein
Amino Acid
Nucleic Acid
Nucleotide
Carbohydrates and how more complex carbohydrates are made
Monosaccharide
Simple sugar that has a multiple of the empirical formula CH.2O
Disaccharide
Two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond through dehydration reaction
Polysaccharide
Macromolecules of many monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds
Types of polysaccharides
Storage
Starch-polymer of glucose stored in plants
Glycogen-
Polymer of glucose in animals
Types of polysaccharides
Structural
Cellulose- polymer of two slightly different ring structures for glucose
Chitin- polysaccharide with nitrogen attachment
Types of Lipids and Roles
Fats
Glycerol (alcohol)
3 fatty acids
long chain of hydrocarbons, may be saturated
Types of Lipids and Roles
Phospholipids
Glycerol
2 Fatty acids
Phosphate amino acid group
Important component in cellular membranes as lipid bilayer
Steroids
4 fused carbon rings
Diff. by groups added to rings cholesterol-steroid molecule
important for cellular membranes
Components of Amino Acids
Not sure if this is right
Amino Group
Primary
Sequence of amino acids
Carboxyl Group
Secondary
Interactions between amino and carboxyl groups along backbone
Unique R Group
Tertiary
Interactions between the R groups
Hydrogen
Quarternary
Overall protein structure due to the arrangement of subunits
name and describe process by which proteins become inactive
Denaturing proteins
Involves the destruction of protein structure, rendering the protein inactive
nucleotides vs. nucleosides
Nucleotides contain 5-carbon sugar, base, and phosphate group
Nucleosides consist of 5-carbon sugar and base only
Purines vs. Pyrimidines
Purines- contain adenine and guanine
double ring structure
Pyrimidines- contain cystosine, thymine, and uracil
Types of bonds of organic compounds
Bonds in carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid
Carbohydrates- Glycosidic (covalent)
Proteins- Peptide bond
Lipid- Carbon- Hydrogen Bond
Nucleic acid-phosphodiester and hydrogen
DNA vs. RNA
DNA components
Deoxyribose
Purine: Adenine and guanine
Pyrimidines: Cytosine and thymine
DNA vs. RNA
RNA components
Ribose
Purines: adenine and guanine
Pyrimidines: cytosine and uracil
DNA structure
Double stranded helix
Antiparallel strands
Complementary base
a-t
g-c
Inquiry
The search for information and explanations of natural phenomena
Qualitative
Quantitive
Data that pertains to observations
Data than pertains to measurements
Inductive
Deductive
Derive generalizations from many specific observations
Logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise
Descent with Modification
Contemporary species arose from succession of ancestors that differed from them
Biosphere
All life on Earth and the places where life exists
Ecosystems
all living things in a particular area and nonliving components with which they interact
Communities
Array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem
Populations
All the individuals of a species living within a specific area
Organisms
individual living things
Organ
body part that is made of and has a specific function
Tissue
group of cells working together to perform a specialized function
cell
fundamental unit of structure and function of life
Organelle
A particular functional component within a cell
Molecule
Chemical structure of two or more atoms
