Chapter One Flashcards
Biology
Study of Life
Properties of Life
Order
Energy processing
Growth and development
response to the environment
Regulation
Reproduction
Evolutionary adaptation
Unifying themes
Organization
Information
Energy and Matter
Interactions
Evolution
Levels of Organization
Biosphere
Ecosystems
Communities
Populations
Organisms
Organs
Tissues
Cells
Organelles
Molecules
Biosphere
All life on Earth and the places where life exists
Ecosystems
all living things in a particular area and nonliving components with which they interact
Populations
All the individuals of a species living within a specific area
Communities
Array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem
Organisms
Individual living things
Organ
Body part that is made of and has a specific function
Tissue
Group of cells working together to perform a specialized function
Cell
Fundamental unit of structure and function of life
Organelle
A particular functional component within a cell
Molecule
Chemical structure of two or more atoms
Structure follows function at every level of biological hierarchy
example: Thin, flat leaves maximize sunlight exposure for chloroplasts
Hummingbird wings rotate at shoulder to allow for forward and backward flying
Cell Characteristics
All cells are enclosed by a membrane
Prokaryotic cells
Cells that lack a nucleus or other membrane enclosed organelles
Eukaryotic cells
Cells that contain membrane-enclosed organelles
DNA-
deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA serves as
the genetic material that is replicated and passed to offspring
DNA is composed of
a double helix of antiparallel strands
Gene
discreet unit of hereditary information that consists of a DNA sequence of nucleotides
Genes provide blueprint for making
Proteins
Gene expression
Process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins
DNA—–>mRNA
transcription
mRNA—–>amino acid chain
translation
amino acid chain—–>protein
protein folding
Genome
“library” of genetic instructions inherited by an organism
Genomics
Study of the whole sets of genes in one or more species
Proteomics
Study of sets of proteins and their properties
Proteome
Set of proteins expressed by a given cell, tissue, or organism
Bioinformatics
Use of computational tools to store, organize and analyze large volumes of data
Sun
primary input of energy
Producers
Organisms that produce organic compounds from inorganic compounds
Photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy and CO.2 to chemical energy
Chemosynthesis
Conversion of inorganic chemicals to chemical energy through oxidation
Consumers
Organisms that feed on producers, other consumers, or nonliving organic matter
Decomposers
Organisms that absorb nutrients from nonliving organic matter and convert to inorganic forms
flows through an ecosystem
Energy
Organisms use ___________ to perform work
chemical energy
__________- is lost to surroundings
Heat
Feedback regulation
regulation of a process by its output or end-product
Negative Feedback
Regulation in which the output reduces the production
Positive Feedback
Regulation in which the output increases the process leading to additional product
Every organism interacts
with other organisms
Organisms interact with
Physical factors in the environment
Evolution
Concept that organisms living on Earth today are modified descendants of common ancestors
Unity
Two species sharing certain traits
Diversity
Differences between two species
Adaptation
change of an organism to a particular environment
Domains of Life
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Eukarya
Kingdoms
-Plantae
-Fungi
-Animalia
-Protista
Natural selection is the primary cause of
descent with modification
Natural selection
Process by which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than others because of those traits
Darwin-
Individuals in population
Vary in traits many of which are inherited
Darwin-
Population produce
more offspring than can survive to produce offspring
Darwin-
Species are suited to their
Environments
Darwin-
Environment cannot
support the number of individuals that exist, so competition among individuals occurs
Darwin-
Species have
adapted to the circumstances
Darwin’s theory of evolution
Individuals with inherited traits are better suited to local environment and are more likely to survive and reproduce
After many generations more individuals exist with advantageous traits
Placeholder
Tree of Life
Different species may have a common ancestor
Over long periods of time, natural selection could give rise to two or more descendants
(Galapagos Finches)
Scientific Process
Observation
Question
Hypothesis
Prediction
Experiment
Gather Data
Analyze Results
Form Conclusion
Replicate Results
Publish Findings
Inquiry
The search for information and explanations of natural phenomena
Qualitative
Data that pertains to observations
Quantitative
Data that pertains to measurements
Deductive Reasoning
Logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise
Controlled Experiment
Experiment designed to compare an experimental group with a control group
Control group
Set of subjects that lack the specific factor being tested
Variables
Factors that vary during an experiment
Independent Variable
Factor that is manipulated during an experiment: it affects the dependent variable
Dependent Variable
The factor that is measured during an experiment; it responds to the independent variable
Law
Statement of mathematical expression based on observations and experimentation that describes the natural world
Theory
Explanation of a phenomenon based on observations, experimentation, and basic reasoning
Can never be proven, but can be disproven
