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Molecular Genetics > Exam One > Flashcards

Exam One Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Relative size of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell

A

Eukaryotic cells are 10x larger

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2
Q

6 Elements that make up life

A

CHNOPS

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3
Q

Strong chemical bonds

A

Covalent

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4
Q

Weak chemical bonds

A

Ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, van der waals interactions, hydrophobic interactions

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5
Q

Electropositive means

A

low electron affinity

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6
Q

Electronegative means

A

high election affinity

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7
Q

Polar covalent bond definition

A

A bond with an unequal sharing of electrons which creates a dipole moment

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8
Q

Straight bonds are

A

stronger

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9
Q

Angled bonds are

A

weaker

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10
Q

H2O Hydrogen bonds well with

A

Other H2O molecules and polar molecules

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11
Q

Molecules that ____________ do not interact well with H2O

A

lack dipole moments

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12
Q

Molecules that have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions are called

A

Amphipathic

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13
Q

The interior of the lipid bilayer is made of

A

Van der Waals interactions

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14
Q

Covalent bonding results from

A

Filling electron orbitals

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15
Q

How many amino acids can exist as distinct L or D stereoisomers?

A

19 (glycine cannot)

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16
Q

Life uses L or D amino acids?

A

L

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17
Q

Acids are proton

A

Donors

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18
Q

Bases are proton

A

Acceptors

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19
Q

Degree of acidity or basicity is determined by measuring

A

[H+]

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20
Q

When pH is BELOW pKa, it is more likely to be ________

A

protonated

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21
Q

When pH is ABOVE pKa, it is more likely to be

A

deprotonated

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22
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine

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23
Q

Purines

A

Adenine, Guanine

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24
Q

Nucleoside consists of

A

Nitrogenous base and sugar

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25
Q

Nucleotide consists of

A

Nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate group

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26
Q

How do nucleotides link?

A

3’ OH links to 5’ C

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27
Q

Oligonucleotide length

A

<= 50 nucleotides

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28
Q

Polynucleotide length

A

> 50 nucleotides

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29
Q

Things responsible for DNA structure

A
  • base pairing
  • base stacking
  • hydrophobic interactions of bases
  • repulsion of negatively charged phosphate groups
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30
Q

Three conformations of DNA

A

B, A, Z

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31
Q

DNA strands are held together by

A

weak non-covalent interactions

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32
Q

Things that causes denaturing

A
  • high temperature
  • hydrogen bonding reagents (urea)
  • methanol
  • ph > 11
  • decreased salt concentration
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33
Q

Purpose of gel electrophoresis

A
  • identify size, topology, restriction pattern, purity, and concentration of DNA
  • to separate a fragment of interest from a complex mixture of DNA fragments
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34
Q

Agarose gel has a broad separation range of

A

200bp to 50000bp

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35
Q

Acrylamide gel has a narrow separation range of

A

5bp to 500bp

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36
Q

Southern blot is a way of

A

finding a particular fragment in a mixture

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37
Q

Alanine abbrev

A

Ala

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38
Q

Alanine symbol

A

A

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39
Q

Arginine abbrev

A

Arg

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40
Q

Arginine symbol

A

R

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41
Q

Asparagine abbrev

A

Asn

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42
Q

Asparagine symbol

A

N

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43
Q

Aspartate abbrev

A

Asp

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44
Q

Aspartate symbol

A

D

45
Q

Cysteine abbrev

A

Cys

46
Q

Cysteine symbol

A

C

47
Q

Glutamine abbrev

A

Gln

48
Q

Glutamine symbol

A

Q

49
Q

Glutamate abbrev

A

Glu

50
Q

Glutamate symbol

A

E

51
Q

Glycine abbrev

A

Gly

52
Q

Glycine symbol

A

G

53
Q

Histidine abbrev

A

His

54
Q

Histidine symbol

A

H

55
Q

Isoleucine abbrev

A

Ile

56
Q

Isoleucine symbol

A

I

57
Q

Leucine abbrev

A

Leu

58
Q

Leucine symbol

A

L

59
Q

Lysine abbrev

A

Lys

60
Q

Lysine symbol

A

K

61
Q

Methionine abbrev

A

Met

62
Q

Methionine symbol

A

M

63
Q

Phenylalanine abbrev

A

Phe

64
Q

Phenylalanine symbol

A

F

65
Q

Proline abbrev

A

Pro

66
Q

Proline symbol

A

P

67
Q

Serine abbrev

A

Ser

68
Q

Serine symbol

A

S

69
Q

Threonine abbrev

A

Thr

70
Q

Threonine symbol

A

T

71
Q

Tryptophan abbrev

A

Trp

72
Q

Tryptophan symbol

A

W

73
Q

Tyrosine abbrev

A

Tyr

74
Q

Tyrosine symbol

A

Y

75
Q

Valine abbrev

A

Val

76
Q

Valine symbol

A

V

77
Q

Nonpolar, Aliphatic R Group AAs

A

Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Proline, Leucine, Methionine, Isoleucine

78
Q

Polar, Uncharged R Group AAs

A

Serine, Threonine, Cysteine, Asparagine, Glutamine

79
Q

Polar, Negatively Charged R Group AAs

A

Aspartate, Glutamate

80
Q

Polar, Positively Charged R Group AAs

A

Lysine, Arginine, Histidine

81
Q

Nonpolar Aromatic R Group AAs

A

Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan

82
Q

Is thyrotropin releasing hormone small or large?

A

Small (3 AAs)

83
Q

Is Titin small or large?

A

Large

84
Q

What is the average size of a polypeptide?

A

260 AAs (30 kDa)

85
Q

Examples of protein chaperones

A
  • GroE
  • Peptidylproline isolmerases
  • disulfide bond isomerases
86
Q

Lk

A

Linking number

87
Q

Tw

A

twist

88
Q

Wr

A

Writhe

89
Q

Linking number definition

A

total number of times DNA strands cross one another

90
Q

Twist definition

A

number of helical turns

91
Q

Writhe definiton

A

Number of times helix crosses itself

92
Q

DNA gyrase is a special topoisomerase because it

A

introduces negative supercoils

93
Q

Characteristics of type II topoisomerases

A
  • ATP dependent
  • passes both strands thru dsDNA
  • covalent intermediate 5’ phosphate to tyrosine
  • changes linking number by 2
94
Q

Characteristics of type I topoisomerases

A
  • ATP independent
  • relaxes DNA
  • makes ss breaks and passes one strand thru the other
  • covalent intermediate 5’ phosphate to tyrosine
  • changes linking number by 1
95
Q

Chromatin refers to

A

DNA + Proteins

96
Q

What histone proteins form the core?

A

H2A, H2B, H3, H4

97
Q

H1 histones bind linker DNA to form

A

30 nm fibres

98
Q

Histone N terminal ends stick out in order to

A

Stabilize the 30nm fibre

99
Q

Histone Tails purpose

A

control overall chromosome structure and function

100
Q

Acetylation and phosphorylation of histone trails promote

A

transcription of neighboring genes

101
Q

What type of topoisomerase(s) do Eukaryotes have?

A

Type I and II

102
Q

Helicase function

A

melts parental dsDNA, interacts with Pol III and primase

103
Q

Single Stranded Binding Protein function

A

Binds ssDNA template, prevents reannealing

104
Q

Primase function

A

Synthesizes RNA primers

105
Q

DNA Pol III function

A

Synthesizes DNA starting at RNA primers

106
Q

RNAse H function

A

Removes RNA primers

107
Q

DNA Pol I function

A

Removes RNA primers and fills gap with DNA

108
Q

DNA Ligase function

A

Seals nicks between Okazaki fragments

109
Q

Proteins that bend DNA

A
  • Integration Host Factor (IHF)
  • Factor for Inversion Stimulation (FIS)

Molecular Genetics (4 decks)

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