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Molecular Genetics > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Transition Mutation

A

Purine to Purine OR Pyrimidine to Pyrimidine

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2
Q

Transversion Mutation

A

Purine to Pyrimidine or vice versa

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3
Q

C imino can pair with

A

A

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4
Q

A imino can pair with

A

C

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5
Q

G enol can pair with

A

T

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6
Q

T enol can pair with

A

G

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7
Q

Methylation in e. coli DNA purpose

A

Tells when DNA is newly made, and which strand is the old and new one

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8
Q

NER UvrA purpose

A

Scans for distortion in DNA

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9
Q

NER UvrB purpose

A

Separates strands of DNA

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10
Q

NER UvrC purpose

A

Interacts with B to cleave top strands

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11
Q

NER UvrD purpose

A

Unwinds top strands to leave hole

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12
Q

Homologous recombination definition

A

Uses a second copy of DNA to help repair and fill holes in DNA

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13
Q

Enzymes used in NHEJ

A

Ku70/80, DNA-PKcs, Artemis, Ligase IV, Cernunnos

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14
Q

PCR purpose

A

Technique to make several copies of a given DNA

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15
Q

Site-Specific Recombination

A

High frequency, requires short specific sequences

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16
Q

Transposition Recombination

A

Moderate to low frequency, requires the ends of the transposable element

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17
Q

Illegitimate recombination

A

Very low frequency, requires little or no homology

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18
Q

Homologous frequency

A

low frequency, requires extensive homology

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19
Q

Site-Specific Recombination Steps

A

Phase lambda int searches the 4.6x10^6 bp of e coli and integrates the phage genome at specifically attB, a 34 bp sequence

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20
Q

Transposition Steps

A

Transposase acts on the specific ends of the transposon and cuts the element out of the donor DNA and inserts it into the recipient DNA

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21
Q

RecB

A

has helicase and nuclease activity

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22
Q

RecC

A

assists in separation of strands and recognizes chi sites

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23
Q

RecD

A

has helicase activity

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24
Q

RecA filament binding steps

A

Binds and then interacts with other RecA’s. Coats the 3’ end of ssDNA directionally

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25
Q

Functions of Hom. Rec. in prokaryotes

A
  • repair ds breaks
  • restart collapsed replication forks
  • exchange DNA
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26
Q

Functions of Hom. Rec. in eukaryotes

A
  • repair ds breaks
  • restart collapsed replication forks
  • exchange DNA
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27
Q

Crossing Over definition

A

process of exchanging chromosome parts between chromosomes during meiosis (meiotic recombination)

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28
Q

SPO11 crossing over function

A

makes ds breaks

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29
Q

MRX enzyme complex crossing over function

A

makes ss 3’ ends

30
Q

Dmc1 and Rad51 crossing over function

A

forms filaments

31
Q

IHF and FIS proteins

A
  • Rich in Arg and Lys, histone like
  • bend DNA
  • involved in processes where DNA-protein complex is formed
32
Q

Lysogeny characteristics

A
  • replication
  • reversible
33
Q

Why regulate expression and function

A
  • economy of energy and substrates
  • Response to environmental changes
  • differentiation (tissue specific functions)
34
Q

Constitutive vs Basal

A

Const. is turned on all the time and basal is turned down to make low levels

35
Q

Repressible definition

A

Turned off when stimulus is present

36
Q

Inducible definition

A

Turned on when stimulus is present

37
Q

Regulation interactions that maintain non-covalent bonds

A
  • H bonds
  • Ionic bonds
  • Hydrophobic interactions
  • Van der Waals
38
Q

Cooperativity Concept

A

One molecule helps another. Ie it binds and increases binding affinity

39
Q

Lac paradigm

A

Inducible system controlled by repression

40
Q

Trp paradigm

A

Repressible system controlled by repression

41
Q

In e coli catabolism of disaccharides, lactose involves three genes

A

lacZ, lacY, lacA

42
Q

lacZ

A

beta gal

43
Q

lacY

A

lactose permease

44
Q

lacA

A

transacetylase

45
Q

lacl encodes

A

the lac repressor LacI

46
Q

How do you explain mutations in lacI?

A

repressor is broken

47
Q

How do you explain mutations in lac operator?

A

repressor can’t bind

48
Q

2 mechanisms of negative control

A

Occlusion and inhibition of RNAP activity

49
Q

No lactose repression means

A

lac operon OFF, but basal level of beta gal and permease

50
Q

Allosteric regulation in lac repressor involves

A

binding of a ligand that results in a change in conformation or shape of the molecule

51
Q

negative control of trp operon Low tryptophan means

A

turn on expression

52
Q

negative control of trp operon high tryptophan means

A

turn off expression

53
Q

CAP means

A

Catabolite activator proteincrp

54
Q

crp gene encodes

A

CAP

55
Q

CAP binds to

A

site in promoter region of lac operon

56
Q

CAP requires

A

small molecule ligand called cAMP to bind to promoter region

57
Q

What does CAP do?

A

helps RNAP holoenzyme bind to lac promoter

58
Q

Glucose levels high means

A
  • Adenyl cyclase activity is low
  • level of cAMP is low
59
Q

Glucose levels low means

A
  • Adenyl cyclase activity is high
  • level of cAMP is high
60
Q

Lac operon controlled by

A

negative regulation (LacI) and positive regulation (CAP)

61
Q

+ Glucose
- Lactose

A

no max transcription

62
Q
  • glucose
  • lactose
A

no max transcription

63
Q

+ glucose
+ lactose

A

no max transcription

64
Q
  • glucose
    + lactose
A

max transcription

65
Q

Attenuation is the

A

control of transcription at the post-initiation level. transcription initiates but is halted prematurely

66
Q

Stem loop structure formed between sequences 3 and 4 is a

A

transcriptional terminator

67
Q

Tryptophan starvation

A

low levels of tRNA charged with tryptophan. when low trp, trpR will not bind to operator

68
Q

Hormone receptor

A

a transcriptional activator

69
Q

Hormone response element

A

a DNA binding site

70
Q

Mechanisms of hormone response systems

A
  1. hormone activates its receptor in the cytoplasm
  2. hormone activates its receptor in the nucleus

Molecular Genetics (4 decks)

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