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research methods > exam one > Flashcards

exam one Flashcards

1
Q

empirical approach

A

using your senses to gather information. draw conclusions based on unbiased and verifiable data

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2
Q

systematic observation

A

consistent change in conditions from one group to the next

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3
Q

non-systematic observation

A

change in conditions is random/has no comparison group

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4
Q

tangible metric

A

metric that has a specific number (score on a personality scale, blood pressure reading)

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5
Q

non-tangible metric

A

not a specific number (experiencing stress/discomfort)

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6
Q

theory-data cycle

A

theories generate hypotheses-test these hypotheses-generating data to shape theory

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7
Q

theory

A

statement that attempts to specify the general principles about how variables relate to one another

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8
Q

a good theory is…

A

-supported by data
-falsifiable (able to be proven false)
-parsimonious (simply explained)

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9
Q

hypothesis

A

specific prediction derived from a theory and specific research design

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10
Q

basic research

A

primary goal is to gain knowledge

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11
Q

applied research

A

conducted to find solutions for real world problems

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12
Q

translational research

A

takes basic research findings and applies them in real world settings

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13
Q

scientific journalism

A

benefits: people become more informed, psychologists become more well known
cons: is the story important or accurate?

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14
Q

confound

A

other explanations for an outcome

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15
Q

probabilistic

A

research is meant to explain a certain proportion of possible cases. exceptions should not undermine general results

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16
Q

faulty thinking

A

we tend to believe that a theory makes “sense”

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17
Q

availability heuristic

A

things that are easily brought to mind to guide our thinking

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18
Q

present/present bias

A

probability that two things happen together/at the same time, its easy to notice when something is present but not when its absent

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19
Q

confirmation bias

A

when you already have a particular belief, you notice when something confirms it but not when its disproved

20
Q

cherry picking

A

seeing all evidence but only presenting the “good”

21
Q

bias blind spot

A

we think we are unbiased but everyone else is biased

22
Q

variable

A

a thing that varies and contains multiple levels

23
Q

constant

A

a thing that does not vary or we are not interested in how it varies

24
Q

manipulated variable

A

a variable a researcher controls

25
Q

measured variaable

A

levels are simply observed and recorded

26
Q

hypothetical construct

A

an entity that we know exists in each individual but its intangible. if needed measured, it needs to be defined using a tangible metric

27
Q

conceptual definition

A

everyday use of a term

28
Q

operational definition

A

how a concept or term is measured and manipulated in a study

29
Q

frequency claim

A

particular rate or degree of a SINGLE variable

30
Q

association claim

A

one level of a variable is likely to be associated with another. aka correlation or covariation

31
Q

causal claim

A

one variable is responsible for changing another

32
Q

construct validity

A

are the researchers measuring what they think they’re measuring?e

33
Q

external validity

A

can the researchers generalize their results to the whole (external) population?

34
Q

statistical validity

A

did the researcher use the right statistical tests?

35
Q

internal validity

A

a study’s ability to rule out alternative causal explanation
a is causing b

36
Q

covariance

A

a and b are correlated

37
Q

temporal precedence

A

a precedes (comes before) b

38
Q

face validity

A

does the measure appear to measure what its supposed to measure

39
Q

convergent validity

A

does my measure correlate stronglt with (already validated) related constructs?

40
Q

discriminant validity

A

does my measure correlate only weakly (or not at all) with unrelated constructs

41
Q

criterion-related validity

A

does my measure correlate strongly with behaviors linked to the construct

42
Q

test-retest reliability

A

give same test twice

43
Q

interitem reliability

A

do all items on a same scale assess the same construct?

44
Q

item total correlation

A

the degree to which one item on a scale correlated with the total score on that scale

45
Q

split-half reliability

A

split data in half and correlate sum of each set

46
Q

interrater reliability

A

correlation of the scores from two separate observers who were measuring the same variable

research methods (3 decks)

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