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research methods > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

population

A

group of interest

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2
Q

sample

A

subset of the population that is chosen for the study

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3
Q

purpose of sampling

A

do not need and cannot possibly study entire population

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4
Q

goals of sampling

A

external validity, economic sample, representative of the population

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5
Q

sampling error

A

extent to which the sample is not representative

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6
Q

biased sample

A

some parts of sample are overrepresented, some underrepresented

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7
Q

nonprobability sampling

A

easier than probability sampling

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8
Q

convenience sampling

A

choosing people for your sample based on proximity and willingness… easiest/quickest way to sample

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9
Q

quota sampling

A

similar to convenience sampling, except you take steps to ensure that a certain number of people from a particular group are included in your sample

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10
Q

purposive sample

A

choose certain pockets of people to be in your sample that, in the past, have reflected the views of the views of entire population

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11
Q

probability sampling

A

better. everyone has equal probability of being in sample

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12
Q

error of estimation (margin of error)

A

degree to which the data obtained from the sample are expected to vary from the population. the smaller the error, the better the sample. function of three things: sample size, population size, variance of data

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13
Q

simple random sampling

A

type of probability sampling in which you choose a random set of people from the whole population tot be your sample. you need a sampling frame– the name and contact info for everyone in your population

not commonly used

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14
Q

systematic sampling

A

type of probability sampling in which you choose “every so many” individuals for the sample. do not need a sampling frame

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15
Q

stratified random sampling

A

divide population into strata; choose randomly from each stratum. need a sampling frame

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16
Q

cluster sampling

A

sample clusters of population first then work your way to the sample. do not need a sampling frame

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17
Q

threats to representativeness

A
  1. response bias - problem of nonresponse
  2. selection bias - sampling procedures produce biased samples. automatic in nonprobability samples can happen with probability samples
  3. misgeneralization - attempting to generalize results based on an unrepresentative or biased sample
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18
Q

descriptive research

A

used to describe the characteristics or behaviors of a given population in a systematic and accurate way
relies on external validity

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19
Q

two ways to collect data

A
  1. watch and record (observation and physiological measures)
  2. surveys (questionnaires and interviews)
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20
Q

naturalistic observation

A

observing an individual group in their natural habitat. this is unobtrusive and external validity is important

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21
Q

how to achieve unobtrusive observation

A

hide, habituation, participant observation, group infiltration

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22
Q

behavioral recording

A

observing behavior and recording “what” is happening

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23
Q

narratives

A

unstructured notes containing a full description of everything the subject says or does. typically from video or audio tapes.

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24
Q

field notes

A

more concise descriptions of behavior

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25
Q

checklists

A

structured description containing a tally of specific behaviors. behaviors to record are decided in advance, strong use of operational definitions

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26
Q

temporal measures

A

when and how long a behavior occurs

27
Q

latency measures

A

elapsed times between 2 behaviors, or event and behavior

28
Q

duration measure

A

how long a behavior lasts

29
Q

rating scales

A

for measuring quality or intensity of behavior

30
Q

physiological measures

A

measuring internal processes that are not readily visible

31
Q

surveys/self-report measures

A

includes questionnaires and interviews, a survey is as only good as its questions, how you implement a survey can influence how you interpret results

32
Q

cross-sectional survey

A

sample consists as a “cross-section” of the population. one group tested at one time point. no major drawbacks but you must be valid and reliable

33
Q

successive independent sample surveys

A

2 or more samples of respondents answer the same questions at different points in time.
drawbacks: two samples might not be comparable and variance may change

two samples surveyed one time each

34
Q

longitudinal survey

A

a single sample of respondents is questioned more than once. assesses how responses change over time.
drawbacks: attrition and time

35
Q

internet survey

A

develop an online questionnaire and administer it thru website or specialty software.
advantages: inexpensive, many subjects, no data entry
drawbacks: biased and limited sample, must follow directions

36
Q

correlational research

A

research that focuses on the degree to which two variables are related. predicts outcomes but doesn’t imply causation

37
Q

correlation coefficient

A

indicates the degree to which two variables are related. always a number between 0 and 1, sign only indicates direction, can only use with a linear relationship

38
Q

positive correlation

A

as variable A increases, so does variable B and vice versa

39
Q

negative correlation

A

as variable A increases, B decreases and vice versa

40
Q

factors that distort correlations

A
  1. restricted range- restrict ages you are looking at
  2. outliers - online outliers exaggerate a nonexistent correlation
    offline outliers deflate or reduce existing correlation
41
Q

effects of unreliable measures

A

lower correlations
introduce wrong variability
creates noisy data which obscures the relationships between variables

42
Q

noisy data

A

data w a large amount of additional meaningless information

43
Q

coefficient of determination

A

(pearson’s r)^2
determines how much of the variability in factor A can be explained by B
measure of systematic variance
on ratio scale

44
Q

third variable

A

connects two other variables or gives an explanation

ex. more fire hydrants and more crime are linked to urban areas/high density housing

45
Q

multiple-regression analysis

A

shows the relationship between two variables while holding another measured variable constant. helps rule out alternative explanations that may possibly account for the correlation. increases the validity of the study.

46
Q

limitations of multiple-regression analysis

A

can only rule out variables that you measure
internal validity is now better, but still to low to make causal claims

47
Q

predictor variables

A

what factors may be related to the behavior of interest?
independent variable

48
Q

criterion variable

A

what is the behavior of interest that is changing?

dependent variable

49
Q

longitudinal designs

A

can provide evidence for temporal precedence by measuring the same variables in the same people at several points in time
one sample surveyed multiple times

50
Q

cross-sectional longitudinal design

A

investigates covariance
one sample surveyed one time

51
Q

autocorrelation longitudinal design

A

investigates stability of traits or behaviors over time

52
Q

cross-lag correlation longitudinal design

A

investigates which variable comes first (temporal precedence)

53
Q

limits of longitudinal desgin

A

low internal validity
haven’t ruled out alt. explanations and possible third variables

54
Q

temporal precedence

A

establishing that one variable comes before another.

55
Q

acquiescent response style

A

individuals are most like to agree with a statement whether its true or not

56
Q

correlations satisfy….

A

covariance

57
Q

covariance

A

measure of relationship between two random variable

58
Q

multivariate longitudinal correlational study

A

measure two variables at (at least) two different time points

59
Q

unreliable data typically results in

A

weaker correlations than what really exists

60
Q

pattern and parsimony

A

researchers investigate causality by using a variety of correlational studies that all point in the same causal direction

61
Q

mediator

A

explanatory variable, used to show how A may be causing B

why are they related

62
Q

meow

A

meowww

63
Q

criteria for cause

A

covariance
temporal precedence
internal validity

research methods (3 decks)

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