Exam One Flashcards
shared meaning making where realities are created, recreated, and understood
communication
part of communication that communicates knowledge
language
model of communication that goes source to message to receiver to feedback
linear model
model of communication that says the sender and receiver interpret simultaneously based on their experiences
interactional model
model of communication that is dynamic, changes the communicators and looks at their context situation bubble, relationship, and culture
transactional model
type of noise that is able to be heard
physical noise
type of noise that is based on complex words, dialects, etc
semantic noise
type of noise that has a cognitive influence on the message (stressed, tired, etc)
psychological noise
type of noise that has a biological influence on the message (hunger, sickness, etc)
physiological noise
links communication to community, fellowship, and the representation of shared beliefs within a society
ritual view
language, ethnicity, laws, geography, food, etc.
culture
being aware of and creating meaning from the world around us
perception
influential people in the situation you find yourself in
significant other
your sense of how others see you
generalized other
set of expectations used to make sense of social situations using verbal and nonverbal communication
frames
used to understand your role in a situation
frame analysis
set of explanations, concepts, and principles describing aspects of the world
theory
every conclusion creates a new series of questions
specification of ignorance
active, systematic process of discovery, leading from observation to knowledge then theory
scientific inquiry
what is the nature of reality? what is knowable? things that can be measured
ontology
how is knowledge created and expanded?
epistemology
what is the proper role of values in research and theory building?
axiology
theory that looks for objective reality, removed from research
postpositivist theory
theory that is the systematic interpretation of social actions, trying to understand multiple truths based on experiences
interpretative theory
theory interested in making change, focus on power structures
critical theory
manipulation of one variable to measure influence on another variable
experiments
rely on questionnaires and interviews to solicit self-reported data
surveys
message or group of messages with the goal of describing and interpreting the text
textual analysis
quantitative textual analysis, objective categorization, measurement
content analysis
study of social interactions from inside cultures
ethnography
spoken words based in language
verbal communication
ordering of words and sounds to convey specific meaning
syntax
people who speak the same language and agree on the proper/improper use of language
speech community/network
hypothesis that says the language a speaker uses influences the way they think
linguistic relativity hypothesis
unstated comparison between things or events that share a feature
metaphor
language signifying concepts, qualities, or ideas, VAGUE
abstract language
function of language that expresses what you need and gets it
instrumental function
function of language that controls the actions of others, dependent on roles
regulatory function
function of language that provides information to others
informative function
function of language that changes someone’s views on something
persuasive function
function of language that establish, define, and maintain relationships
relational function
function of language that to delight or entertain the speaker and listener
imaginative function
function of language that to meet a social convention
ritualistic function
function of language that to state personal feels, attitudes or thoughts
expressive function
meaning made in a given context by including or excluding specific language
situational meaning
meaning made by choice of words when speaking with a specific group of people
social meaning
language is influenced and judged by the culture where it exists
cultural meaning
because there are many different meanings to language, there are many ways to misinterpret things
syntactic ambiguity
using polite language to protect face
politeness theory
public self-image
face
reflects desire to feel appreciated or gain approval
positive face-wants
reflects desire to be unimpeded in actions/free from intrusion
negative face-wants
communication without the use of language
nonverbal communication
type of framing that says the same message with verbal and nonverbal
repeat
type of framing that emphasizes with nonverbal
complement
type of framing that has different meanings for verbal and nonverbal
contradict
type of framing that only uses nonverbal
substitute
type of framing that uses nonverbal to dictate conversation
regulate
using space and distance to make meaning
proxemics
communicating through touch
haptics
using time to convey meaning
chronemics
using body motions to convey meaning
kinesics
sounds and rhythms that come out of your mouth but are not words
vocalics
use of pupil dilation, eye movement, and eye contact
oculesics
use of face’s mobility in communication
facial expressions
physical attributes that communicate meaning
physical appearance
objects we use to identify ourselves
artifacts
temperature, weather, smells, lighting, designs
environmental factors
actively making meaning from spoken messages of others
listening
what does the H.U.R.I.E.R. model stand for?
hearing, understanding, remembering, interpreting, evaluating, responding
information overload, speaker moving, anything other than physical noise that creates a barrier to listening
external distractions
type of counterproductive listening- pretending to listen
fakers
type of counterproductive listening- listening to gain affinity from partner but missing message
dependent listeners
type of counterproductive listening- listening only to respond
interrupters
type of counterproductive listening- paying more attention to their own conversation contributions
self-conscious listeners
type of counterproductive listening- listening only with your head and blocking out nuances
intellectual listeners
type of listening- listening to be informed, understand the message
informative
type of listening- listening for enjoyment or pleasure
appreciative
type of listening- listening to maintain relationships
relational/emotional
type of listening- evaluating or analyzing what’s being said
critical
type of listening- listening carefully to sort out important information
discriminative
when a speaker addresses an audience in a more structured and formal way than a normal conversation
public speaking
type of public speaking- to inform/educate people, share knowledge and understanding
informative speech
type of public speaking- move audience towards your opinion on a specific subject or reinforce existing opinions
persuasive speech
type of public speaking- presenting for only a few people, or a team doing a presentation
small group
type of public speaking- presenting at an event
special occasion
communication specifically intended to shape, reinforce, or change the responses of others
persuasion
when we encounter new information, requiring some judgement or evaluation
response shaping
communication deepens our commitment to already held attitudes or behaviors
response reinforcing
communication moves our attitudes or behaviors from an existing position to another
response changing
deeply held judgments about what’s important
values
proposition about something
beliefs
beliefs that can be proven or disproven
descriptive beliefs
beliefs that are subjective, not proven (good, bad)
prescriptive beliefs
beliefs that are subjective judgment (likes, dislikes)
evaluative beliefs
beliefs around a situation or object that causes one to respond in a preferable way
attitudes
concrete, observable actions
behavior
receiver’s perception of the source’s expertise
source credibility
degree to which you see a similarity between you and the persuader- creates a personal connection
perceived similarity
what a person looks like that influences effectiveness of persuasion, shapes credibility, trustworthiness
physical attractiveness
rational arguments, use of evidence, appeals, fear, emotional appeal
message characteristics
motivation to process persuasive communication because it is relevant to some personal value, outcome, impression
involvement
