Exam Multiple Choice Flashcards
Ions that carry a negative charge are known as …
anions
Homeostasis is
1. Self regulation process
2. Generally negative feedback
3. Keeps internal environment balanced with parameters
4. All of above
All of above
Humans are what cellular structure?
Multicellular
What is the most basic level of structural complexity in the human body?
Atoms
Examples of positive feedback (2)
Lactation and labour
pH measures what in the body?
Acidity and alkaline levels in body fluids
What are the 3 most plentiful elements in human body
Oxygen, hydrogen and carbon
Which is not normally found in the body?
1. Oxygen
2. Iron
3. Calcium
4. Silver
Silver
Enzymes are a type of:
1. Carbohydrate
2. Fat
3. Nucleotide
4. Protein
Protein
Beta cells in pancreas produce:
Insulin
Hormones usually travel by:
In blood
Which system is primarily involved with the secretion of hormones:
Endocrine
The adrenalin glands are found on what organ?
Kidneys
The pineal gland produces:
1. Thyroxin
2. Oxytocin
3. Adrenalin
4. Melatonin
Melatonin
The main function of antidiuretic hormone is:
Reduce urine output
The posterior pituitary gland produces which hormones?
Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
Which hormones effect metabolism?
1. Growth hormone and oxytocin
2. Thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine
3. Foliate and erythopoietin
4. Estrogen and Progesterone
Thyroxine and Tri-iodothyronine
Growth hormones are produced in the:
Anterior pituitary gland
Glycogen has what effect on blood sugar?
Raise
Which hormone is instrumental in child birth?
Oxytocin
What thin elastic cartilginous structure prevents food and liquid from entering the trachea during swallowing?
Epiglottis
Breathing is controlled by centres in …..
Medulla and pons
Does the respiratory system aid in haemostasis?
No
What pleura is attached to the lung?
Visceral
What type of respiration takes place between the alveoli?
External respiration
What is the most abundant gas found in the atmosphere?
Nitrogen
pH plays an important role in the stimulus for breathing. What gas plays the biggest role in pH?
Carbon dioxide
How many lobes are in the left lung?
2
The law that outlines how the pressure of a gas is proportional to its volume is:
Boyle’s Law
Oxygen binds to what in the red blood cells?
Haemoglobin
The muscles between the ribs that aid breathing are called?
Intercostal muscles
External respiration refers to …
The diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the circulatory system.
The structures that gas exchange happens with in the lungs are called?
Alveoli
Peripheral chemoreceptors are located in?
Arch of the aorta and carotid arteries
The trachea is lined with cells that have small hairline projections called?
Cilia cells
The amount of air passing into and out of the lungs during each cycle of normal breathing is called the:
Tidal volume
The amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one breath is called?
Tidal volume
The normal resting respiratory rate in a healthy adult is:
12-18 breaths per minute
The normal resting respiratory rate in a healthy adult is:
12-18 breaths per minute
The air is made of how much oxygen?
21%
Oxygen is transported by:
Red blood cells
The voice box is anatomically referred to as:
Larynx
The trachea contains rings made of:
Cartilage
Compliance in physiological terms (lungs):
the ability of the lungs to stretch
What part of the brain stem controls breathing?
Medulla
What does surfactant on the alveoli do?
Reduce surface tension
What is the name of the receptors that monitor pH, carbon dioxide and oxygen levels in the blood?
Chemoreceptors
Where do the intercostal muscles occupy?
Spaces between the ribs
What tube takes air to the primary bronchi?
Trachea
How is carbon dioxide mainly transported to the lungs for expiration?
Dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ions
The majority of carbon dioxide in the blood stream is as:
Bicarbonate ions
Which (ONE) function does the ANS regulate?
It helps regulate heart rate and blood pressure
What is the fluid in the the veritricals of the brain called?
Cerebralspinal fluid
Which layer of the meninges is closest to the cranial bone?
Dura mater
Which part of the brain is responsible for thinking, reasoning and intelligence?
Cerebrum
The structure at the end of the axon which releases neurotransmitters called?
Axon terminal
What are the gaps between myelin referred to as?
Nodes of Ravier
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12
The junction between 2 or more neurons is called the …..
Synaptic clef
The sympathetic division of the ANS prepares the body to deal with emergency and stressful situations, TRUE or FALSE?
True
Adrenalin and noradrenaline are released in response to stimulation from which nervous system?
Sympthetic nervous system
The nerves that carry impulse towards the CNS are …
Afferent nerves
What does the somatic system control?
Voluntary movements
The part of the brain associated with vision is called …..
Occipital lobe
The electrical signal is transmitted through the neuron via what process?
Action potencial
Damage caused to the kidneys due to dehydration is called ….
Pre-renal
Approximately, what percentage of cardio output do the kidneys receive?
20%
What is the term for blood in the urine?
Haematuria
Diffusion can be described as …
The movement of ions from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
What are the 3 steps in urine formation?
Filtration to reabsorption to secretion
What is the first step in urine formation?
Filtration
What is the second step in urine formation?
Reabsorption
What is the third step in urine formation?
Secreation
When do the kidneys produce renin?
When blood pressure is low
What are the 3 properties of erythroprotein?
- Stimulate the bone marrow to make RBC
- Syntheised by the kidneys
- Is released in response to hypoxaemia
What effect does glucogon have on the blood sugar?
Increases it
What are the 3 layers of the meninges?
- Dura mater
- Arachnoid
- Pia mater
Between which layers does the CSF lay?
The pia mater and anachnoid
Where is CSF found between?
Arachnoid and pia mater
Astrocytes are what type of cell?
Glial cells
Which part of the brain is closely associated with the pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus
Which layer of the meninges is closest to the cranial bone?
Dura mater
Which of the following is part of the brain stem?
1. Mid brain
2. Temperal lobe
Mid brain
The somatic (voluntary) moter neurons transmit to which muscles?
Skeletal
What 2 systems are the nervous system split into?
CNS and peripheral
Adrenalin and noradrenaline are related in response to stimulation from which system?
sympathetic
The sympathetic nervous system stimulates the production of which hormones?
Adrenalin and noradrenaline
Does the sympathetic prepare body to deal with emergency or stress situations?
Yes
What fluid is found in the ventricles of the brain?
Cerebralspinal fluid
The rest-digest response is associated with which system?
Parasympathetic
What is the structure at the end of the axon that releases neurotransmitters?
Axon terminal
What does the somatic system control?
Voluntary movements
What is the long central body of the neuron called?
Axon
What are the group of cells that support neurons?
Neuroglia
Which plane splits anterior from posterior?
Coronal
Which plane splits inferior from superior?
Transverse
Which plane splits left from right?
Sagittal
What is Cytology the study of?
Cells
What body plane passes vertically from the front to the back?
Sagittal
A neuron is an example of what type of tissue?
Nervous tissue
“Above (with reference to a body part) is best described as what term?
Superior
What type of tissue is blood?
Conective
What type of specialised tissue is able to contract and relax?
Muscle
“To the side” is anatomically best described as what?
Literal
What type of tissue could be described as smooth?
Muscle tissue
How many types of tissue are there?
4
What part of the cell contain genes?
Nucleus
Which system could be described as “an organ system”?
Lymphatic
Where is ATP produced?
Mitochondria
What tissue covers the internal and external organs, lines vessels, body cavities, and glands?
Epithelium tissue
“Towards the front” describes what anatomical position?
Anterior
What is the last part of the small intestine before it meets the colon?
ileum
Which cells produce hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
Parietal cells
Is tripsinogen a constituent of gastric juices?
No
Where can: intrinsic factor; mucus; and hydrochloric acid be found?
As part of gastric juices
Where is bile produced?
The liver
Which layer of the digestive tract is responsible for peristalsis?
Muscularis
What does chymotrypsin breakdown?
Protein
What type of vitamins are A, D, E and K?
Fat soluble
What is excreted from the adrenal cortex?
Aldosterone
What is low urine output called?
Oliguria
What is the kidney encased in?
Renal capsule
What is the term for increased urine output?
Polyurea
