Exam moc Flashcards
Topic 1: Organisation of the Human Body and Introduction to Pharmacology
The serous membrane covers which of the following?
- Heart
- Uterus
- Nasal cavity
- Lungs
- Skin
Select one: A. 1, 2, 3 B. 1, 2, 4 C. 3, 4, 5 D. 1, 2, 6 E. 2, 3, 4
B
- The appendix is located in the:
A. right upper quadrant B. right lower quadrant C. left upper quadrant D. left lower quadrant E. left upper region
B
- A plane that runs vertically through the body and separates it into right and left portions is called:
A. sagittal B. transverse C. coronal D. frontal E. horizontal
A
- Which factor/s may affect drug absorption?
A. Lipid solubility B. Water solubility C. Molecular size D. Dosage E. All the above
E
- Therapeutic range can be defined as:
A. the dosage range expected to achieve desired therapeutic effects.
B. the dosage range expected to achieve higher therapeutic effects.
C. the dosage range expected to achieve lower therapeutic effects.
D. A, B and C are incorrect
E. A, B and C are correct
A
Topic 2: Chemistry
- An ionic bond forms when:
A. One atom donates an electron to another atom and the oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other
B. When two atoms share electrons with each other
C. When two atoms share protons with each other
D. One atom donates a proton to another atom and the oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other
E. When the protons and neutrons of one atom combine with the protons and neutrons of a second atom in a new nucleus surrounded by electrons
A
- For sodium (Na) to become a sodium ion (Na+) it must have
A. gained a single electron B. gained a single proton C. lost a single electron D. lost a single neutron E. lost a single proton
C
- Steroids, phospholipids and triglycerides are all types of:
A. carbohydrate building blocks B. nucleic acids C. proteins D. lipid building blocks E. lipids
E
- Which of the following statements is NOT true in regard to enzymes?
1) The building blocks of enzymes are fatty acids and glycerol.
2) All enzymes are proteins.
3) Enzymes speed up chemical reactions.
4) Enzymes are rapidly degraded by the reactions they assist.
5) Enzyme function depends on its three-dimensional shape.
A. 4 B. 2, 3, 5 C. 1, 2, 4 D. 1, 4 E. 3, 5
D
- When added to water a ____________ acid like HCl will _____________ dissociate into its component ions H+ and Cl- and have a _________ pH.
A. weak, fully, high B. weak, partially, low C. strong, fully, low D. strong, fully, high E. strong, partially, high
C
What if it was
Sodium dioxide
or
Carbinic acid
Topic 3: Cells and Tissues
- What are the organelles in the cell that are involved in protein synthesis?
- nucleolus
- ribosome
- mitochondria
- endoplasmic reticulum
- lysosomes
A. 1, 2, 3 B. 2, 3, 4 C. 1, 2, 4 D. 3, 4, 5 E. 1, 3, 5
C
- The rough endoplasmic reticulum is a membranous system associated with:
A. chromosomes B. lysosomes C. ribosomes D. mitochondria E. nucleus
C
- Which of the following is NOT a function of epithelium?
A. Barrier formation B. Impulse conduction C. Secretion D. Transportation E. A and B are correct
B
- Organised groups of cells that have a common purpose form a(n):
A. organ B. tissue C. organism D. organ system E. organelle
B
- Which of the following is NOT considered as connective tissue?
A. Cartilage B. Fibrous tissue C. Muscle D. Blood E. Bone
C
Topic 4: Blood
- Which of the following are leukocytes:
1) Basophils
2) Platelets
3) White blood cells
4) Fibroblasts
5) Neutrophils
A 3 B 1,3,5 C 2,4 D 1,5,4 E 4
B
- The primary organ responsible for producing erythropoietin (EPO) to stimulate the production of more red blood cells is the:
A. thyroid gland B. red bone marrow C. pancreas D. kidneys E. adrenal glands
D
- Hemostasis refers to:
A. the production of red blood cells. B. the production of leukocytes. C. the prevention of blood loss through bleeding. D. fibrinolysis. E. the production of platelets.
C
- A patient with a B+ blood type would have the following antibodies:
A. Anti-Rh antibodies only B. Anti-B antibodies only C. Anti-A antibodies only D. Anti-A and anti-Rh antibodies. E. Anti-B and anti-Rh antibodies.
C
- A patient with the blood type AB- can receive blood from?
1) A+ donors
2) AB- donors
3) A- donors
4) O+ donors
5) A+ donors
A. 2 only B. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 C. 2, 4 D. 2, 3 E. 1, 2, 3, 5
D
Topic 5: CVS
- Blood is carried to capillaries in the myocardium by way of:
A. the coronary sinus B. the coronary veins C. the coronary arteries D. the endocardial arteries E. aorta
C
- The function of the aortic and pulmonary semi-lunar valves in the heart is to:
A. allow the atria to fill with blood during diastole
B. prevent blood returning to the ventricles during diastole
C. prevent blood returning to the atria during systole
D. prevent blood entering the aorta and pulmonary artery during systole
E. prevent blood entering the vena cava
B
- If blood samples were taken from the right atrium, right ventricle, and pulmonary artery, and analysed for oxygen concentration:
A. the right atrial sample would be lowest in oxygen concentration.
B. all would contain more oxygen than blood in the pulmonary vein.
C. all would contain about the same concentration of oxygen.
D. the right ventricular sample would contain more oxygen than the right atrial sample.
E. all would contain more nitrogen than blood in the pulmonary vein
C
- Cardiac output is influenced by:
A. heart rate B. stroke volume C. exercise D. pregnancy E. all of the above
E
- When comparing arteries and veins, which one of the following is true?
A. Veins have thicker walls than arteries
B. Arteries have a greater amount of smooth muscle and elastic fibres than veins
C. Veins have a tunica media while arteries do not
D. Arteries have valves, but veins do not
E. Veins lumen size smaller than arteries
B
Topic 6: The Respiratory System
- Forced vital capacity refers to:
A. the volume of air movement occurring during quiet breathing.
B. total lung volume
C. the amount of air that remains in the lungs following one expiratory breath.
D. the maximal amount of air you can exhale, after inspiring the maximal amount of air possible.
E. the maximal amount of air that can be expelled in one second.
D
- At high altitudes there is a(n):
1) lower partial pressure of oxygen.
2) stimulus for hyperventilating.
3) rise in red blood cell numbers after a prolonged period of time.
4) increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide
5) a higher partial pressure of oxygen compared to sea level
A. 1, 3 only B. 1, 2, 3 only C. 4, 5 only D. 2, 5 only E. 3, 4 only
B
- Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through cell membranes via:
A. active transport B. diffusion C. filtration D. osmosis E. alveolar pumps
B
- The following oxygen saturation (SpO2) readings on the pulse oximeter would be considered normal.
A. 85% B. 89% C. 93% D. 95% E. Both C and D
D
- Air moves out of the lungs during expiration due to:
A. the increased intrapulmonary pressure compared to the atmospheric pressure.
B. the reduced intrapulmonary pressure compared to the atmospheric pressure.
C. the diaphragm contracting
D. equilibrium being reached between the intrapulmonary pressure and the atmospheric pressure.
E. nerve impulses that stimulate expiration
A
Topic 7: Renal system
- The urinary system is responsible for:
- Removal of waste products from the bloodstream.
- Storage and excretion of urine.
- Regulation of leukocyte and platelet production.
- Regulation of blood volume and, indirectly, blood pressure.
- conducts nerve impulses
A. 1, 2, 3 B. 2, 3, 4 C. 1, 2, 4 D. 3, 4, 5 E. All of the above
C
- What is the functional filtration unit in the kidney?
A. Renal tubule B. Renal capsule C. Renal papilla D. Glomerulus E. Renal cortex
D
- Which of the following hormones directly promotes the reabsorption of sodium ions?
A. Aldosterone B. Renin C. ADH D. Erythropoietin E. Insulin
A
- When the extracellular fluid becomes too acidic, the tubular secretion of:
A. hydrogen ions decreases B. hydrogen ions increases C. sodium ions decreases D. sodium ions increases E. calcium ions decreases
B
Topic 8: Endocrine system
- All hormones:
A. are of similar chemical composition
B. are secreted at a constant rate
C. combine with specific receptors on the target cell’s surface or inside the target cell
D. are cholesterol derivatives
E. have the same chemical structure and composition
C
- What organ produces the hormone “cortisol”?
A. Thyroid glands B. Gonadal glands C. Pancreas D. Adrenal glands E. Thymus
D
- Which of the following secretes insulin and glucagon?
A. Liver B. Pancreas C. Adrenal cortex D. Pituitary gland E. Thyroid gland
B
- The secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is controlled mainly by the:
A. hypothalamus B. thyroid gland C. pituitary gland D. blood calcium levels E. blood sodium levels
D
- The posterior pituitary stores and releases ________________________.
A. ADH and oxytocin B. growth hormone and testosterone C. adrenaline and noradrenaline D. ACTH and FSH E. insulin and glucagon
A
Topic 9: Reproductive System
- Which of the following is NOT a part of the male reproductive system?
- Epididymis
- Ureters
- Ductus deferens
- Urethra
- Uterine tube
A. 1, 2 B. 2, 3 C. 2, 5 D. 3, 4 E. 4, 5
C
- What is spermatogenesis?
A. Spermatogenesis is another name for the process of puberty.
B. Spermatogenesis is the sequence of events that leads to the production of spermatozoa.
C. Spermatogenesis is the reabsorbing of sperm that are not ejaculated.
D. Spermatogenesis is the conversion of spermatids to spermatozoa.
E. Spermatogenesis is the sequence of events that leads to the production of oocyte.
B
- Which of the following hormones are secreted by the corpus luteum?
A. Progesterone B. Estrogen C. FSH D. LH E. Both A and B
E
- Which one of the following statements is correct?
A. The male gamete is known as sperm B. A mature sperm is a diploid (2n) cell C. Haploid cells are formed by the process of mitosis D. Sperm cells live only two hours E. The male gamete is known as ovum
A
- Inhibin:
A. is produced by the Sertoli cells
B. is produced by the developing sperm cells
C. is produced by the Leydig cells
D. is produced the mature sperm cells
E. is produced in the spermatogonium cells
A
Topic 10: Embryology
- The blastocyst is:
A. the single fertilised egg formed following fertilisation of the ovum with a single sperm.
B. the 4-cell stage that develops approximately 2 days after fertilisation.
C. the cell stage that implants into the wall of the uterus
D. the part of the trophoblast layer of cells responsible for achieving implantation in the uterine wall
E. the embryo at the stage of development when the placenta is fully functional.
C
- The transformation to a three-layered embryo occurs during week 3 of development, the process of which is called gastrulation. What are the names of the three layers formed in order from innermost to outermost layer?
A. Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
B. Primitive streak, endoderm, mesoderm
C. Neural crest tissue, muscular tissue, epithelial tissue
D. Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
E. Primitive streak, gastrulated tissues, notochord
A
- Which of the following physiological changes can usually be observed to have increased in a healthy mother by late pregnancy
A. Blood volume, blood pressure, cardiac output, haematocrit, urination, constipation
B. Blood pressure and cardiac output
C. Blood volume and blood pressure
D. Total body water, blood volume, cardiac output, urination, constipation
E. All of the above listed physiological measurements
E
- Oxytocin and Prostaglandins both have critical roles in driving true labour. Which hormone(s) drives the up-regulation of oxytocin receptors on the uterus during late pregnancy to allow it to respond to oxytocin signals during labour?
A. Prostaglandin E B. Relaxin C. Human placental lactogen D. Progesterone E. Estrogen
E
- A baby’s first breath:
1) is driven by CO2 accumulation in the blood causing acidosis, which triggers the baby’s respiratory control centre to inspire
2) is contingent on the initiation of surfactant production in the first minute after birth
3) occurs in utero
4) requires tremendous effort as the airways are tiny and the lungs are collapsed
5) none of these statements are correct.
A. 2 B. 2, 3 C. 2, 4 D. 1, 4 E. 5
D
Directing swift responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems is the function of the:
Select one:
A. Integumentary system
B. Nervous system
C. Endocrine system
D. Cardiovascular system
b
The mid-sagittal plane:
Select one:
A. divides the body into superior and inferior portions.
B.divides the body in two equal left and right parts along the midline.
C. cuts the body diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes.
D. divides the body into left and right parts that are parallel to the midline.
b
Which of the following activities are regulated by Homeostasis?
Select one:
A. Temperature
B. Water balance
C. Blood sugar level
D. All of the above
d
Pharmacokinetics is:
Select one:
A. The study of biological and therapeutic effects of drugs
B. The study of mechanisms of drug action
C. The study of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs
D. The study of methods of new drug development
d
Kidneys are located in the:
Select one:
A. dorsal body cavity
B. thoracic cavity
C. ventral body cavity
D. abdominal cavity
d
Which of the following is not a part of the urinary system?
Select one:
A. Kidney
B. Ureters
C. Spleen
D. Urethra
c
Substance which alters functions of the body by absorbing into the body of a living organism is called a:
Select one:
A. Mineral
B. Compound
C. Vitamin
D. Drug
d
Which of the following organs or structure would be found in the epi-gastric region?
Select one:
A. Appendix
B. Urinary bladder
C. Stomach
D. Heart
c
What is the most common route of administration?
Select one:
A. Inhalation
B. Intravenous
C. Oral
D. Intramuscular
c
The body cavity which houses the lung is known as the:
Select one:
A. pericardial cavity
B. pelvic cavity
C. thoracic cavity
D. cranial cavity
c
pH is a concentration unit used to measure the concentration of:
Select one:
A. hydroxyl ions in a solution.
B. hydrogen ions in a solution.
C. any cations in a solution.
D. any anions in a solution.
b
The major building blocks for neutral fats (triglycerides) are:
Select one:
A. Amino Acids
B. Nucleic Acids
C. Glycerol and fatty acids
D. Monosaccharides
c
For H to become H+ it must have:
Select one:
A. Gained a proton
B. Gained a neutron
C. Lost an electron
D. Lost a proton
c
Which of the following constitutes a long chain of simple sugars?
Select one:
A. Monosaccharide
B. Polysaccharide
C. Protein
D. Nucleic Acid
b
Bases can be referred to as:
Select one:
A. Proton Donators
B. Proton Acceptors
C. Cations
D. H+ ions
b
An unknown substance is added to a solution of water and the pH increases. The substance is likely:
Select one:
A. A solvent
B. A buffer
C. An acid
D. A base
d
Blood pH can be affected by:
Select one:
A. Alterations in breathing rates
B. The bicarbonate/carbonic acid buffer system
C. The function of the kidneys
D. All of the above
d
Oxygen has 8 electrons total. How many electrons would you find in its valence shell?
Select one:
A. 2
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8
c
An ionic bond is formed between:
Select one:
A. two ions that result from atoms gaining or losing an electron
B. two atoms that share an electron
C. two neutral atoms
D. two Hydrogen atoms that share a weak attraction with each other, such as that seen between the bases in DNA
a
The element Chlorine (Cl) has an atomic number of 17, and an atomic mass of 35, how many protons (p), neutrons (n) and electrons (e) does it have?
Select one:
A. 17 (p), 17 (n), 17(e)
B. 17 (p), 35 (n), 35 (e)
C. 17 (p), 8 (n), 7 (e)
D. 17 (p), 18 (n), 17 (e)
d
Most of the water in the body is:
Select one:
A. Intracellular fluid
B. Interstitial fluid
C. Extracellular fluid
D. Plasma
a
The movement of oxygen from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is an example of:
Select one:
A. Osmosis
B. Diffusion
C. Active transport
D. Facilitated diffusion
b
A group of similar cells that have a shared function is known as:
Select one:
A. Tissues
B. Cells
C. Organs
D. Organelles
a
The plasma membrane is:
Select one:
A. composed of a bilayer of proteins.
B. composed of a bilayer of lipids.
C. composed of only carbohydrate molecules.
D. a complex combination of carbohydrates and proteins.
b
Which of the following statements is correct regarding diffusion?
Select one:
A. Rate of diffusion is independent of temperature.
B. Rate of diffusion is dependent of temperature.
C. Higher the temperature, lower the rate of diffusion.
D. Lower the temperature, faster the diffusion rate.
b
Which of the following cell organelles serves sorting and packaging of proteins?
Select one:
A. Mitochondrion
B. Ribosome
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Centriole
c
Which of the following tissues lines the majority of the digestive tract?
Select one:
A. Stratified cuboidal
B. Transitional
C. Simple squamous
D. Simple columnar
d
Which one of the following epithelial tissue types is best adapted for the rapid transport of materials across its membranes?
Select one:
A. Transitional
B. Simple squamous
C. Stratified squamous
D. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
b
Name the epithelium which consists of two, or more than two, layers of cells that protect the core tissues?
Select one:
A. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
B. Simple columnar epithelium
C. Stratified epithelium
D. Simple cuboidal epithelium
c
The membranes that line body cavities that are closed to the exterior are called:
Select one:
A. Cutaneous
B. Mucous
C. Serous
D. Synovial
b
An Agonist is?
Select one:
- A drug that blocks the receptors without activating them
- A drug that initiates the receptor to inhibit the biological reaction
- A drug that initiates the receptor to activate the biological reaction
- A drug that excites the receptors without activating them
3
A structure that is composed of two or more tissues would be:
Select one:
a. a complex tissue
b. an organ
c. a complex cell
d. an organ system
b
Humans have the most urgent need for a continuous supply of
Select one:
a. oxygen
b. water
c. food
d. Nitrogen
a
Select the option that shows increasing complexity levels:
Select one:
a. cellular, tissue, organ system, organ
b. cellular, tissues, organ, organ system
c. tissue, organ, organ sytem, cellular
d. organ, tissue, cellular, organ system
b
Histology is the study of?
Select one:
a. tissues
b. cells
c. systems
d. organs
a
Which of the following would be an example of positive feedback?
Select one:
a. Release of glucagon to increase a below normal level of glucose in the blood
b. Release of insulin to decrease a high level of glucose in the blood
c. Release of oxytocin to increase the strength of labor contractions
d. Shivering to generate heat in a situation where body temperature is below normal
c
Which of the following is a structural and functional unit of the human body?
Select one:
a. cell
b. tissue
c. organ
d. organ system
a
The liver is part of:
Select one:
a. reproductive system.
b. digestive system.
c. respiratory system.
d. endocrine system
b
Which choice below is NOT one of the three components of homeostatic control systems?
Select one:
a. Receptor (senses the change)
b. The effector
c. Stimulus (cause of the initial change)
d. The control center
c
Homeostatic imbalance has occurred when a:
Select one:
a. person becomes ill.
b. person’s breathing rate increases as a result of exercise.
c. person sweats as a result of being hot.
d. person shivers as a result of being cold.
a
The respiratory system contains the:
Select one:
a. kidneys, ureters, and bladder.
b. trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
c. pituitary, pineal, and thyroid glands.
d. liver, small intestine, and colon.
b
