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Evo final > Exam materials > Flashcards

Exam materials Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptation

A

Change in a trait making bearer better suited to survive/reproduce

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2
Q

Replica Plating

A

Method of Lederbergs to demonstrate mutations as a random process

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3
Q

Homeotic Mutation

A

Involves abnormal placement of body parts

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4
Q

Humans are the new “asteroid” bringing about the ___ great extinction

A

Sixth

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5
Q

Nonsense Mutation

A

Codes for a stop codon and can truncate proteins

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6
Q

Selection coefficient/differential

A

The difference in trait means of a population before and after selection

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7
Q

Muller’s Ratchet

A

Bad mutations accumulate irreversibly, increasing genetic burden

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8
Q

Rafting

A

Explains how rare reptiles successfully colonized islands

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9
Q

Allopolyploid

A

Involves duplication of chromosomes in a hybrid of 2 species. (individual has more than two copies that come from different species)

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10
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

Insertion or deletion of a single base in DNA sequence

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11
Q

Ecological Equivalence

A

Taxa evolved separately to occupy similar niches in different areas

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12
Q

Endemism

A

Certain species live in one place and nowhere else

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13
Q

Directional Selection

A

Selects against less-adapted individuals at one tail of the distribution

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14
Q

Vicariance

A

Fragmentation of a continuous distribution by emergence of a barrier

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15
Q

two-fold cost of sex

A

Asexual lineages grow faster in each generation because all offspring(females) can reproduce

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16
Q

Disperal

A

Accounts for the present distribution of Psychotria trees across the Hawaiian archipelago

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17
Q

Germ line

A

General type of mutation involving passage to descendants through gametes

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18
Q

tradeoff

A

When an organism increases its survival advantage in one area at expense of another

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19
Q

infanticide

A

male competition can take this extreme form

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20
Q

semelparity

A

organisms reproduce once, after many years, and then die

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21
Q

Haldane’s Rule

A

Hybrid sterility often limited to heterogametic sex

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22
Q

Brood parasites

A

Mothers incr. success by laying eggs in foster parent’s nest

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23
Q

Kin seletion

A

parental care is the simplest case of______

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24
Q

Hybrid zone

A

Site where two subspecies interbreed

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25
Q

runaway sexual selection

A

Once the trait starts it becomes self-reinforcing

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26
Q

Lock and key

A

Functional use of genital structures in insects often described as______

27
Q

WZ, ZZ system

A

In birds & Lepidoptera, sex chromosomes are reveresed

28
Q

Good genes hypothesis

A

By being choosy, females select males that may provide more fit offspring

29
Q

Tradeoff

A

Prevents organisms from evolving infinite life spans and fecundity

30
Q

isolation mechanism

A

Reproductive trait that prevents successful breeding between species

31
Q

disruptive selection

A

Mimicry complexes in butterflies are case studies in _____

32
Q

sand tiger sharks

A

commits embryonic siblicide

33
Q

clinal variation

A

gradual change in a trait (allele freq) over geographic distance

34
Q

reciprocation

A

one of 3 leading explanations for apparent altruism

35
Q

cooperative breeding

A

unrelated individuals rear offspring because it helps them get a future mate

36
Q

Female, Anolis lizards

A

Provided evidence for the cost of reproduction

37
Q

ESS

A

a phenotype that nearly all individuals have; no alternative phenotype can invade/replace it

38
Q

Elephant Seals

A

A few dominant males can harems of of females against other males

39
Q

Phylogenic(cracraft)

A

alternative biological species concept that emphasizes species as an outcome of evolution

40
Q

Reinforcement

A

When stronger prezygotic isolation occurs due to selection against low-fitness hybrids
look into other types of this stuff

41
Q

Sympatric

A

Type of speciation where reproductive isolation occurs first within the population

42
Q

BSI

A

Mean time that has elapsed between 2 sequential forks in a phylogeny

43
Q

Malthus

A

Earth’s limited resrouces produce “struggle for existence”

44
Q

Mendel

A

Contributed “particulate” theory of genetics

45
Q

Xenophanes

A

1st to recognize fossils as remains of ancient organism

46
Q

Lyell

A

coined and defined “uniformitarianism” and influenced Darwin

47
Q

Kimura

A

Considered genetic drift as the main force driving allele frequencies

48
Q

Herbert Spencer

A

Rephrased natural selection as “survival of the fittest”

49
Q

Charles Darwin

A

species over time evolved from common ancestors thru natural selection

50
Q

George Cuvier

A

Demonstrated extinction as a fact of evolution

51
Q

Leclerq

A

traits of species “improved” and “degenerated” after dispersing

52
Q

Hardy-Weinberg

A

SHowed genes have a low tendency to disappear from populations

53
Q

Jean Lamarck

A

Proposed and championed “inheritance of acquired traits”

54
Q

S. Jones

A

“Anyone is free to believe whatever they wish. But why train to become a doctor when you deny the very foundations of your subject?”

55
Q

evolutionary reversal

A

return from a derived trait to a more ancestral one

56
Q

Mosaic traits

A

Evolve piecemeal and independently across a single lineage

57
Q

Gradualism

A

Proceeding by small successive changes

58
Q

Lateral gene transfer

A

Sharing of genetic information between different species

59
Q

Evolutionary radiation

A

Divergent evolution of many related lineages in a short period of time

60
Q

Paedomorphism

A

Retainment of juvenile traits into adulthood

61
Q

Homology

A

Shared ancestry creates similarity in structure, despite differences in function

62
Q

Molecular Clock

A

Base pair differences versus time since divergence is nearly constant

63
Q

Von Baer’s Law

A

Traits common to related taxa show up first in Ontogeny before their phylogeny becomes apparent

64
Q

Allometry

A

Growth of body parts at different rates, resulting in change of body proportions

Evo final (7 decks)

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