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Anatomy & Physiology II > Exam IV - Urinary, Electrolite Balances, And Reproductive > Flashcards

Exam IV - Urinary, Electrolite Balances, And Reproductive Flashcards

0
Q

Kidney

A

We have two, retroperitoneal, highly vascular,

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1
Q

Functions of the urinary system

A

Volume regulation, electrolyte balances, acid/base balances, elimination of wastes, and hormonal

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2
Q

Nephron

A

Functional urine here, filtration, reabsorption

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3
Q

Glomerular filtrate (filtration)

A

Same as plasma minus plasma proteins, proteins are filtered out so they are not lost through urine

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4
Q

GFR in males

A

125 ml/ minute

180 ml/ day

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5
Q

How many liters of urine do we produce in a day?

A

1-2

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6
Q

Peritubule capillaries

A

Also known as tubular reabsorption, Reabsorption of water, and other things

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7
Q

Tubular reabsorption of glucose

A

Reabsorbed by active transport, glucose not suppose to be in urine, transport maximum, renal plasma threshold

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8
Q

Transport maximum

A

The max at which glucose can be absorbed from the tubules

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9
Q

Renal plasma threshold

A

Plasma level at which something starts to appear into urine

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10
Q

How many mg / 100 ml of blood is considered diabetic?

A

140 mg

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11
Q

Glucosuria / glycosuria

A

Glucose in the urine

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12
Q

In the morning what’s the normal blood glucose level?

A

75mg/100 ml blood

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13
Q

After breakfast what is the blood glucose level?

A

125mg/100 ml blood

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14
Q

Tubular reabsorption of amino acids

A

Active transport (need carrier protein and energy and specificity), 15-16 carriers, one amino acid sometimes found in urine that’s okay, most commonly one found is cystine

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15
Q

Aminoaciduria

A

Amino acids in urine

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16
Q

Tubular reabsorption of uric acid

A

Forms crystals easily, which causes Gout

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17
Q

Gout

A

Sandy fluid between joints, usually in big toe

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18
Q

Tubular reabsorption of sodium ( Na+ )

A

Aldosterone causes you to save Na, 80% absorption in the kidneys, Cl follows sodium reabsorption, and h2o follows salt ( NaCl), salt being reabsorbed causes H+ and K+ to move into tubules and leave in urine.

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19
Q

Proteins and tubular reabsorption

A

Pinocytosis, from vesicles and suck it in, “drinking” ,

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20
Q

Proteinuria

A

Protein in urine

Caused by glomerus filtrate malfunction

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21
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

Inflammation of the glomerus and kidney

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22
Q

Urea and tubular reabsorption

A

Nitrogen
Getting rid of by deaminating amine group
BUN - blood urea nitrogen

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23
Q

Tubular secretion

A

From peritubular capillaries to nephron tubules

Examples : H+ and K+

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24
Q

Penicillin and tubular secretion

A

Foreign substance

If you have kidney disease amount of penicillin that you give ppl

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25
Q

Urine concentration

A

More concentrated or dilute urine depends on situation.
When drinking a lot of water you want to produce a dilute urine.
When in a desert you want to produce a concentrated urine to save water.
Salt draws water

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26
Q

What defines the solute of a substance?

A

Either hyper- or hypo- tonic

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27
Q

If a cell is hypertonic to its environment which way will water move and why?

A

Water will move into the cell causing it to swell because water moves to higher concentrated areas. High water concentration to low water concentration.

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28
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water

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29
Q

Osmolarity

A

The expression of concentration

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30
Q

Counter current multiplier mechanism

A

This is how the kidneys either dilute or concentrate the urine. This involves a series of osmosis throughout the convoluted tubules, loop of Henle.

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31
Q

Loop of henle and the Counter current multiplier mechanism

A

Isotonic at the end of loop of Henle at 1,200 concentrated.
Ascending loop of Henle is impermeable to water so H2O isn’t brought back in.
The deeper in medulla the more concentrated. (Hypertonic to cortex)

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32
Q

Convoluted tubules, collecting tubule, and the Counter current multiplier mechanism

A

Distal convoluted tubules and collecting tumble have water pores.

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33
Q

Water pores open in collecting tubules?

A

To produce concentrated urine

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34
Q

Water pores closed in collecting tubules?

A

To produce dilute urine

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35
Q

ADH

A

Causes you to form a small and concentrated volume of H2O

Opens water pores

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36
Q

Juxta Medullary Nephrons

A

Important in concentrated urine production

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37
Q

Clearance

A

A measure of the ability of the kidney to remove a substance from the blood
Elimination of waste from blood
Clearing substance out of blood

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38
Q

Creatinine clearance

A

Creatine P system

39
Q

GFR

A

Glomerular filtrate rate

Helps to tell how well kidneys are working

40
Q

What do fluids include?

A

Intracellular (ICF)

Extracellular (ECF)

41
Q

ICF

A

Intracellular fluids
Inside cells = 25 Liters
Electrolytes in fluids are K+

42
Q

ECF

A

Extracellular fluids
Inside body but outside cells = 15 Liters
Electrolytes in fluid are Na+ Cl-

43
Q

What is a common IV added to ECF?

A 
Isotonic saline (salt water)
300 osmotic concentration which is normal
44
Q

What goes in and what goes out during the Na / K pump?

A

K+ goes in

Na+ goes out

45
Q

Water intake

A

2,500 ml a day need to be taken in
2,250 ingested
250 ml metabolic which is H2O produced by own metabolism

46
Q

Water losses

A

2,500 ml a day is lost through urination, breathing, and sweating
Sensible and insensible losses

47
Q

Sensible water losses

A

You are aware of water loss.

Urination

48
Q

Insensible water losses

A

Not aware of water losses.

Sweat

49
Q

What is normal arteriole pH?

A
  1. 4

7. 0-7.8

50
Q

What are buffers used for? And how do they work?

A

They are used in defense to pH changes. They make strong acids weaker acids. Through dissociation.
Strong acids = high dissociation
Weak acids = low dissociation

51
Q

What does the bicarbonate buffer system consist of? 2 things in water?

A

NaHCO3 and NaOH

52
Q

What three things are involved in the defense of changes in pH?

A

Buffers, respiratory system, and the kidneys

53
Q

Respiratory system and pH change?

A

Bicarbonate equation

C02 + H20 —- H2C03 —- (H+) + HC03

54
Q

Kidneys and pH change?

A

Slowest of all buffers

Normal pH is 6 (4.5 - 8.0)

55
Q

What are the four primary Acid and Base disturbances?

A

Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis

56
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A 
Low pH and high H+ concentration
Retention of CO2 causes this
Usually someone with COPD
Drives Bicarbonate equation to the right
Hypoventilation 
Aspirin overdoes causes this too
57
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

A

High pH and Low H+ concentration
Excessive loss of CO2 causes this
Drives Bicarbonate equation to the left
Hyperventilation

58
Q

Metabolic acidosis

A

Low pH and high H+ concentration
Any cause other than Retention of CO2 causes this
Diabetic patients

59
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

A

High pH and Low H+ concentration
Gaining too much base or losing too much acid
Usually caused by eating too much base from trying to neutralize peptic ulcer

60
Q

What three endocrine glands control the male reproductive hormones?

A

Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
Testes

61
Q

Hypothalamus and male reproductive system

A

Controls anterior pituitary with GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)

62
Q

Anterior pituitary and the male reproductive system

A

FSH
LH
Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH)

63
Q

FSH

A

Follicle stimulating hormone
Formation of sperm
Formation of ovarian follicle

64
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing Hormone
Makes testes make testosterone
Triggers ovulation in females

65
Q

ICSH

A

Stimulates sperm production in the interstitial cells of Leydig

66
Q

Testes

A

Leydig says to produce testosterone (Androgen) for sperm production

67
Q

Two types of sperm cells

A

Spermatogonia

Sustentacular cell

68
Q

Spermatogonia

A

Makes super through meiosis (cell division where diploid becomes haploid)

69
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Divide and give rise to sperm

70
Q

Sustentacular cells

A

Nurse cells—Sertoli
Where sperm is nursed and provide nutrients to sperm
They produce testicular fluid, produce androgen binding protein (ABP), and provide immunological protection

71
Q

ABP

A

Androgen binding protein

ABP binds to testosterone which allows testosterone to bind to spermatogonia

72
Q

Female endocrine control

A 
Hypothalamus 
Anterior pituitary 
Posterior pituitary
Ovaries 
Trophoblast / Placenta
73
Q

Hypothalamus and female productive system

A

GnRH

Prolactin inhibitory

74
Q

Anterior pituitary and female reproductive system

A

LH
FSH
Prolactin

75
Q

Prolactin

A

Stimulates milk production

76
Q

Posterior pituitary and female reproductive system

A

Oxytocin - positive feedback loop, produces uterine contractions, and milk letdown

77
Q

Myoepithelial cells

A

Push milk forward

78
Q

Ovaries

A

Produce estrogen (feminizing hormone) and progesterone (necessary for uterine lining)

79
Q

Trophoblast / Placenta

A

Attaches to wall of uterus
HCG is produced here by the egg and maintains the curious luteum which maintain estrogen and progesterone needed to maintain blood supply and nutrients to the egg

80
Q

Decidua

A

Inner lining of uterine wall that is lost during menstruation

81
Q

Hysterectomy

A

Uterus removed

82
Q

Salpingectomy

A

Tubes tied or cut

83
Q

Oophorectomy

A

Ovaries removed

84
Q

Endometriosis

A

Uterine tissues outside of uterus (most commonly in uterine tubes)

85
Q

What do the ovaries control?

A

The uterus

86
Q

What is the first 10 days of the ovarian cycle called?

A

The follicular phase. GnRH is produced which FSH is produced then the new ovaries follicles begin to form

87
Q

What is the 10-14 day phase called of the ovarian cycle?

A

Ovulatory phase. LH is produced for this so ovulation will occur

88
Q

What is the 14-28 day phase called of the ovarian cycle?

A

Luteal phase. Estrogen and progesterone is produced here.

89
Q

Theoretically what happens on day 14 of the ovarian cycle?

A

Ovulation.

Ovulation occurs 14 days before the start of menstruation

90
Q

What is the 0-5 day phase called of the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstrual phase. This is the clean up of the old lining

91
Q

What is the 5-14 day phase called of the menstrual cycle?

A

Proliferating phase. This is where a new uterine lining is produced and estrogen and progesterone are coming from new follicles

92
Q

What is the 14-28 day phase called of the menstrual cycle?

A

Secretory Phas. Estrogen and progesterone found here

Implantation occurs a week after ovulation

93
Q

Menarche

A

First period

Usually ages 10-18

94
Q

Menopause

A

Stopping of menstruation

Anatomy & Physiology II (3 decks)

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