Exam IV - Urinary, Electrolite Balances, And Reproductive Flashcards
Kidney
We have two, retroperitoneal, highly vascular,
Functions of the urinary system
Volume regulation, electrolyte balances, acid/base balances, elimination of wastes, and hormonal
Nephron
Functional urine here, filtration, reabsorption
Glomerular filtrate (filtration)
Same as plasma minus plasma proteins, proteins are filtered out so they are not lost through urine
GFR in males
125 ml/ minute
180 ml/ day
How many liters of urine do we produce in a day?
1-2
Peritubule capillaries
Also known as tubular reabsorption, Reabsorption of water, and other things
Tubular reabsorption of glucose
Reabsorbed by active transport, glucose not suppose to be in urine, transport maximum, renal plasma threshold
Transport maximum
The max at which glucose can be absorbed from the tubules
Renal plasma threshold
Plasma level at which something starts to appear into urine
How many mg / 100 ml of blood is considered diabetic?
140 mg
Glucosuria / glycosuria
Glucose in the urine
In the morning what’s the normal blood glucose level?
75mg/100 ml blood
After breakfast what is the blood glucose level?
125mg/100 ml blood
Tubular reabsorption of amino acids
Active transport (need carrier protein and energy and specificity), 15-16 carriers, one amino acid sometimes found in urine that’s okay, most commonly one found is cystine
Aminoaciduria
Amino acids in urine
Tubular reabsorption of uric acid
Forms crystals easily, which causes Gout
Gout
Sandy fluid between joints, usually in big toe
Tubular reabsorption of sodium ( Na+ )
Aldosterone causes you to save Na, 80% absorption in the kidneys, Cl follows sodium reabsorption, and h2o follows salt ( NaCl), salt being reabsorbed causes H+ and K+ to move into tubules and leave in urine.
Proteins and tubular reabsorption
Pinocytosis, from vesicles and suck it in, “drinking” ,
Proteinuria
Protein in urine
Caused by glomerus filtrate malfunction
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the glomerus and kidney
Urea and tubular reabsorption
Nitrogen
Getting rid of by deaminating amine group
BUN - blood urea nitrogen
Tubular secretion
From peritubular capillaries to nephron tubules
Examples : H+ and K+
Penicillin and tubular secretion
Foreign substance
If you have kidney disease amount of penicillin that you give ppl
Urine concentration
More concentrated or dilute urine depends on situation.
When drinking a lot of water you want to produce a dilute urine.
When in a desert you want to produce a concentrated urine to save water.
Salt draws water
What defines the solute of a substance?
Either hyper- or hypo- tonic
If a cell is hypertonic to its environment which way will water move and why?
Water will move into the cell causing it to swell because water moves to higher concentrated areas. High water concentration to low water concentration.
Osmosis
The movement of water
Osmolarity
The expression of concentration
Counter current multiplier mechanism
This is how the kidneys either dilute or concentrate the urine. This involves a series of osmosis throughout the convoluted tubules, loop of Henle.
Loop of henle and the Counter current multiplier mechanism
Isotonic at the end of loop of Henle at 1,200 concentrated.
Ascending loop of Henle is impermeable to water so H2O isn’t brought back in.
The deeper in medulla the more concentrated. (Hypertonic to cortex)
Convoluted tubules, collecting tubule, and the Counter current multiplier mechanism
Distal convoluted tubules and collecting tumble have water pores.
Water pores open in collecting tubules?
To produce concentrated urine
Water pores closed in collecting tubules?
To produce dilute urine
ADH
Causes you to form a small and concentrated volume of H2O
Opens water pores
Juxta Medullary Nephrons
Important in concentrated urine production
Clearance
A measure of the ability of the kidney to remove a substance from the blood
Elimination of waste from blood
Clearing substance out of blood
Creatinine clearance
Creatine P system
GFR
Glomerular filtrate rate
Helps to tell how well kidneys are working
What do fluids include?
Intracellular (ICF)
Extracellular (ECF)
ICF
Intracellular fluids
Inside cells = 25 Liters
Electrolytes in fluids are K+
ECF
Extracellular fluids
Inside body but outside cells = 15 Liters
Electrolytes in fluid are Na+ Cl-
What is a common IV added to ECF?
Isotonic saline (salt water) 300 osmotic concentration which is normal
What goes in and what goes out during the Na / K pump?
K+ goes in
Na+ goes out
Water intake
2,500 ml a day need to be taken in
2,250 ingested
250 ml metabolic which is H2O produced by own metabolism
Water losses
2,500 ml a day is lost through urination, breathing, and sweating
Sensible and insensible losses
Sensible water losses
You are aware of water loss.
Urination
Insensible water losses
Not aware of water losses.
Sweat
What is normal arteriole pH?
- 4
7. 0-7.8
What are buffers used for? And how do they work?
They are used in defense to pH changes. They make strong acids weaker acids. Through dissociation.
Strong acids = high dissociation
Weak acids = low dissociation
What does the bicarbonate buffer system consist of? 2 things in water?
NaHCO3 and NaOH
What three things are involved in the defense of changes in pH?
Buffers, respiratory system, and the kidneys
Respiratory system and pH change?
Bicarbonate equation
C02 + H20 —- H2C03 —- (H+) + HC03
Kidneys and pH change?
Slowest of all buffers
Normal pH is 6 (4.5 - 8.0)
What are the four primary Acid and Base disturbances?
Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Low pH and high H+ concentration Retention of CO2 causes this Usually someone with COPD Drives Bicarbonate equation to the right Hypoventilation Aspirin overdoes causes this too
Respiratory alkalosis
High pH and Low H+ concentration
Excessive loss of CO2 causes this
Drives Bicarbonate equation to the left
Hyperventilation
Metabolic acidosis
Low pH and high H+ concentration
Any cause other than Retention of CO2 causes this
Diabetic patients
Metabolic alkalosis
High pH and Low H+ concentration
Gaining too much base or losing too much acid
Usually caused by eating too much base from trying to neutralize peptic ulcer
What three endocrine glands control the male reproductive hormones?
Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
Testes
Hypothalamus and male reproductive system
Controls anterior pituitary with GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)
Anterior pituitary and the male reproductive system
FSH
LH
Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH)
FSH
Follicle stimulating hormone
Formation of sperm
Formation of ovarian follicle
LH
Luteinizing Hormone
Makes testes make testosterone
Triggers ovulation in females
ICSH
Stimulates sperm production in the interstitial cells of Leydig
Testes
Leydig says to produce testosterone (Androgen) for sperm production
Two types of sperm cells
Spermatogonia
Sustentacular cell
Spermatogonia
Makes super through meiosis (cell division where diploid becomes haploid)
Spermatogenesis
Divide and give rise to sperm
Sustentacular cells
Nurse cells—Sertoli
Where sperm is nursed and provide nutrients to sperm
They produce testicular fluid, produce androgen binding protein (ABP), and provide immunological protection
ABP
Androgen binding protein
ABP binds to testosterone which allows testosterone to bind to spermatogonia
Female endocrine control
Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Posterior pituitary Ovaries Trophoblast / Placenta
Hypothalamus and female productive system
GnRH
Prolactin inhibitory
Anterior pituitary and female reproductive system
LH
FSH
Prolactin
Prolactin
Stimulates milk production
Posterior pituitary and female reproductive system
Oxytocin - positive feedback loop, produces uterine contractions, and milk letdown
Myoepithelial cells
Push milk forward
Ovaries
Produce estrogen (feminizing hormone) and progesterone (necessary for uterine lining)
Trophoblast / Placenta
Attaches to wall of uterus
HCG is produced here by the egg and maintains the curious luteum which maintain estrogen and progesterone needed to maintain blood supply and nutrients to the egg
Decidua
Inner lining of uterine wall that is lost during menstruation
Hysterectomy
Uterus removed
Salpingectomy
Tubes tied or cut
Oophorectomy
Ovaries removed
Endometriosis
Uterine tissues outside of uterus (most commonly in uterine tubes)
What do the ovaries control?
The uterus
What is the first 10 days of the ovarian cycle called?
The follicular phase. GnRH is produced which FSH is produced then the new ovaries follicles begin to form
What is the 10-14 day phase called of the ovarian cycle?
Ovulatory phase. LH is produced for this so ovulation will occur
What is the 14-28 day phase called of the ovarian cycle?
Luteal phase. Estrogen and progesterone is produced here.
Theoretically what happens on day 14 of the ovarian cycle?
Ovulation.
Ovulation occurs 14 days before the start of menstruation
What is the 0-5 day phase called of the menstrual cycle?
Menstrual phase. This is the clean up of the old lining
What is the 5-14 day phase called of the menstrual cycle?
Proliferating phase. This is where a new uterine lining is produced and estrogen and progesterone are coming from new follicles
What is the 14-28 day phase called of the menstrual cycle?
Secretory Phas. Estrogen and progesterone found here
Implantation occurs a week after ovulation
Menarche
First period
Usually ages 10-18
Menopause
Stopping of menstruation
