Exam III - Respiratory and Digestive Flashcards
Blood gas transport
Moves O2 and CO2 in the blood (through hemoglobin)
Pulmonary ventilation
First air taken in and out of lungs
How does inspiration work?
We are negative pressure breathers. We suck air in. Pulmonary alveoli pressure must be lower than atmospheric pressure during inspiration.
How does expiration work?
Pulmonary alveoli pressure must be greater than atmospheric pressure during expiration.
Boyle’s Law
As volume increases pressure decreases. If you have an amount of water in small container but move the water to a bigger container (volume) the pressure decreases.
Negative pressure
Lungs get bigger to lower pressure so they can fill with oxygen
Pressure at sea level?
760 mmHg = 1 atmosphere
What does pressure drop to during inspiration?
755 mmHg
What does pressure drop to during expiration?
765 mmHg
As you go higher does atmospheric pressure increase or decrease?
Decrease
Hilus
Where lungs are attached
Intraplueral space
Normally negative pressure. Between lungs and ribs.
Visceral Pleural
Lining of the outside of lungs
Parietal Pleural
Inside lining of thoracic cavity
Pleurisy
When it hurts when you breath, because no fluid between visceral and parietal pleura
Pneumothorax
Lung collapsed
Atelectasis
Could be caused by hydrothorax or hemothorax. Tissue of lung collapses or fails to develop.
When thoracic cavity increases (inspiration), does pleural pressure increase or decrease?
Decreases, so oxygen will move into the lungs
When thoracic cavity decreases (expiration), does pleural pressure increase or decrease?
Increases, so oxygen will move out and alveoli pressure increases
Normal expiration is a __________ process.
Passive
Compliance
Measure of destincibility, elasticity, and stretch ability of the lungs or thorax. ( change in volume divided by change in pressure)
Lung compliance
Stretch ability, elasticity of the lungs
CL = 0.2 L / cm h2o
Chest wall compliance
Stretch ability, elasticity of chest wall
Total compliance
Depends on lung and chest compliance
minute respiratory volume (MRV)
Pulmonary ventilation measurement.
MRV = RR x TV
Alveolar ventilation rate
Pulmonary ventilation measurement, VA-volume of time in alveoli, DS-volume of expired air no involved in gas exchange. Best one to use.
Va = (TV - DS) x RR
Exchange of respiratory gases
Oxygen diffuses from high to low. ( lungs to blood )
CO2 diffuses from high to low. ( blood to lungs )
What’s the main reason to ventilate the lungs?
To maintain concentration gradients
Dalton’s Law of partial pressures
The total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of partial pressures of the component gases in the mixture. (the whole is equal to the sum of the parts).
Patm = Pn2 + Po2 + Pco2 + Pother
79%. 21%. .03%
Bring air in? 3 steps?
Warm
Humidify
Filter
Why do you want warm air in lungs?
Because it holds more water
Why humidify the air?
To keep lungs and membranes moist.
How do we clean air?
By nasal conchea and trachea - they use cilia to push mucus up to go back down esophagus
Inspiration - muscles movements?
Vertical - diaphragm moves downward (contraction)
Lateral - water bucket handle effect - ribs move up and out away from the thorax.
Anterior posterior - pump handle effect -
What muscles are used during inspiration?
Intercoastal - muscle and space - when you breath in distance between space gets smaller
Externalcoastal muscles
Diaphragm
Why is expiration passive?
Because of elasticity
What does elasticity do?
- makes tissue goes back to normal
- surface tension - a film of water in water that pushes air out.
Surface tension
A film of water on water that pushes air out.
Surface tension wants to collapse to the smallest possible size.
What breaks surface tension and why?
Soaps reduce surface tension. In the lungs we produce a natural soap called pulmonary surfactant, that break the surface tension allowing alveoli to inflate after air is pushed out.
Where is the attraction of water the highest? And what does this result in?
The attraction is higher and tighter at the surface, therefore creating a surface tension.
How many liquid interfaces do alveoli have?
Two
LaPlace’s Law
In a spherical liquid drop or bubble pressured is directly related surface tension and inversely related to the radius.
- less pressure = easier to open
Pulmonary surfactant
Natural soap in lungs to break surface tension
Can’t keep lungs inflated without this
Surface tension wants to collapse to the smallest possible size, and with this agent the alveoli are able to stabilize without collapsing into bigger alveoli
Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn
Immature lungs
Do not produce pulmonary surfactant therefore high surface tension
The ____________ breath is the hardest as a newborn.
First
Partial pressures
How we measure different pressures in air.
2 ways to transport oxygen
Dissolved oxygen
Bound to hemoglobin
What percent of dissolved oxygen is transported to your tissues in this way?
3% ( example, fish us this way)
Hemoglobin and oxygen relationship?
4 heme subunit with a iron (Fe) in the center
Will catch and release oxygen
4 oxygen only on hemoglobin
Average amount of Hemoglobin in the blood?
An average person carries: 20 ml O2 / 100 ml
Hb O2 affinity
More affinity in lungs, less in skeletal muscle
Decreased temp. Means an increase in affinity
Decreased CO2 means an increase in affinity
Increase in pH means an increased in affinity
3 ways to transport CO2
Dissolved CO2
Carbamino compounds
Bicarbonate ions
Percent of Dissolved CO2 transport in blood
10% (example, soda)
Carbamino compounds
25% of transport, CO2 binds to amino group (globin) of hemoglobin
Bicarbonate ion equation
CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3-
H+ dissociates from carbonic acid to form bicarbonate ion and hydrogen.
Carbonic acid
H2CO3
Alkaline
Basic
Carbonic anhydrase
Catalyzes bicarbonate ion production
Bicarbonate ion
Base
Made by dissociation of hydrogen from carbonic acid
Carbon monoxide
Made from incomplete combustion Not enough O2 to make CO2 Toxic, odorless, colorless, tasteless Puts you to sleep before you know it Has 210 x's the affinity for hemoglobin than O2, therefore you suffocate
Why is carbon monoxide poisoning so dangerous?
It’s colorless, odorless, and tasteless.
You don’t know it b/c our respiratory system regulates on CO2.
Why do you breath harder during exercise?
To get rid of CO2
Does CO2 or O2 dissolve better in water?
CO2 (Aquatic) example fish
Do terrestrials regulate on CO2 or O2?
CO2
Pulmonary emphysema
These ppl become O2 regulators.
Emphysema is a type of COPD involving damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. As a result, your body does not get the oxygen it needs. Emphysema makes it hard to catch your breath. You may also have a chronic cough and have trouble breathing during exercise.
Where is CO2 the highest?
In the blood, So it can move from an area of high to low into the lungs
Where is O2 highest?
In the lungs. So it can move from an area of high to low into the blood
Pulmonary ventilations main purpose?
To maintain CO2 and O2 balances
Regulation of ventilation
Central chemoreceptors - CO2, medulla
Peripheral chemoreceptors - carotid bodies (near carotid sinus) - aortic arch PO2
Medulla Oblongata
Sets basic rhythm for respiration
Central pattern generator
Pons
Modifies and smooths out what medulla does
Acclimatization
Process of getting used to O2 levels (example, climbing Mount Everest)
pH
The higher the pH the more basic
The lower the pH the more acidic
Normal arterial pH
7.4 (7.35 - 7.45)
Little changes mean big number changes!
pH less than 7.4
Acidosis
pH greater than 7.4
Alkalosis
Hypoventilation
Not blowing enough CO2 out
In a state of acidosis
Hyperventilation
Blowing out too much CO2
In a state of alkalosis
Digestive system
Breakdown to basic building blocks
Macromolecules
Big molecules
Carbohydrates
Macromolecule
Sugars
Monosaccharides
One, named by the number of carbons in the sugar
Disaccharides
Two, can be made out of two different or the same sugar
Carbohydrate
Polysaccharides
More than two, named by number of sugars
Carbohydrate
Proteins
Building block is amino acids
Fats
Building block is monoglycerides
Then there is triglycerides
Then phospholipids in that category
Nucleic acids
Building blocks nucleotides
Make up DNA and RNA
A T C G - nitrogenous bases
Proteinase
Breakdown proteins
Nucleonase
Breaks down Nucleic acids
Deglutition
Swallowing
Dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing
Hiatus
Where esophagus runs through diaphragm
Hiatal hernia
Makes a leaky valve because esophageal junction is higher than normal and causes acid reflux or heartburn.
Another kind is where stomach sticks through diaphragm
Pyloric stenosis
Narrowing of pyloric sphincter
Thickening of the pyloric wall
Peptic ulcer
Surface lesion
Can be in esophagus - hiatal hernia
Duodenum- stress
And gastric - stomach, don’t want this because stomach is supposed to be able to handle acid in stomach
Diarrhea
Too much water in GI tract, water stool, losing base
Vomit
Losing acid, chyme is what you through up
Chyme
Material that leaves stomach and goes into duodenum
Gastric glands
Mucus, parietal cells, chief cells
Mucus in stomach
Help prevent against pepsin and acid
Parietal cells
HCL, produce intrinsic factor
Intrinsic factor
Necessary for vitamin b12 and needed to make blood cells
Not enough B12?
You get pernicious anemia.
Chief cells
Produce pepsin
Zymogens - inactive forms of enzymes
What 3 main things protect the stomach?
Mucus
Columnar cells - just tops showing & have special junctions in between
Rapid turnover - new lining every 2-3 days
3 parts of small intestine
Duodenum - 10 inches
Jejunum - 4 ft
Ileum - 6-7 ft
Layers of GI tract?
Serosa - outer layer Longitudinal muscle Circular muscle Submucosa - vessels here Mucosa - columnar cells - inner layer
Function of large intestine?
Re absorption of H2O and salts
Vitamin synthesis
Large intestine (anatomy)
Begins with pouch called the cecum
Appendix coming off of it
Then the ascending colon, hepatic colon, transverse colon, scenic colon, descending colon, sigmoid, then the anus.
Teniae coli
Tube within a tube in the GI tract
Appendicitis
Inflammation of appendix
Pereration - popping
And peritonitis - inflammation of the perilla peritoneum
Volvulus
Twisting of the bowel
Most common is sigmoid because it is already slightly twisted
ileus
Intestinal obstruction
Pancreas
Has both endocrine and exocrine function
Endocrine (pancreas)
Hormones, islets of langerhans is pancreas, insulin, glucagon, and dustless
Exocrine (pancreas)
Ducted
Cystic fibrosis
To think of glands, sweat glands produce too much NaCl
Liver functions
Bile salts, detoxification center, intermediate metabolism, vitamin storage, hemoglobin breakdown
Bile salts, what they do?
Emulsification of fats
Emulsification
Breakdown
Detoxification center
In liver, ammonia, hepatic portal to liver from intestines, then hepatic portal veins to vena cava
Intermediate metabolism
Carbs to glycogen
Fats to lipids
Vitamin storage
Vitamin A
Too much is toxic
Hemoglobin breakdown
Made into bilirubin after breakdown
Hyperbilirubinemia
Too much bilirubin in blood, causes jaundice
Lacteal
Lymph capillary
In vilus
Carbs and chemical digestion
Salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase
Brush border
Columnar cells and micro villi breakdown disaccharides into monosaccharides
Protein and chemical digestion
In stomach by pepsin, proteinases come from pancreas: trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptinase
Peptide breakdown
Broken down by peptidases into amino acids
Lipids and chemical digestion
Lipases breakdown lipids
Steatorrhea
Can’t digest lipids, bulky fatty stool
Nucleic acids and chemical digestion
DNA - deoxyribonuclease
RNA - ribonuclease
Broken into nucleotides
What’s function of HCO3- in pancreatic juice?
To neutralize stomach acids, it’s a base
