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Anatomy & Physiology II > Exam III - Respiratory and Digestive > Flashcards

Exam III - Respiratory and Digestive Flashcards

0
Q

Blood gas transport

A

Moves O2 and CO2 in the blood (through hemoglobin)

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1
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

First air taken in and out of lungs

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2
Q

How does inspiration work?

A

We are negative pressure breathers. We suck air in. Pulmonary alveoli pressure must be lower than atmospheric pressure during inspiration.

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3
Q

How does expiration work?

A

Pulmonary alveoli pressure must be greater than atmospheric pressure during expiration.

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4
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

As volume increases pressure decreases. If you have an amount of water in small container but move the water to a bigger container (volume) the pressure decreases.

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5
Q

Negative pressure

A

Lungs get bigger to lower pressure so they can fill with oxygen

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6
Q

Pressure at sea level?

A

760 mmHg = 1 atmosphere

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7
Q

What does pressure drop to during inspiration?

A

755 mmHg

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8
Q

What does pressure drop to during expiration?

A

765 mmHg

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9
Q

As you go higher does atmospheric pressure increase or decrease?

A

Decrease

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10
Q

Hilus

A

Where lungs are attached

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11
Q

Intraplueral space

A

Normally negative pressure. Between lungs and ribs.

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12
Q

Visceral Pleural

A

Lining of the outside of lungs

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13
Q

Parietal Pleural

A

Inside lining of thoracic cavity

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14
Q

Pleurisy

A

When it hurts when you breath, because no fluid between visceral and parietal pleura

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15
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Lung collapsed

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16
Q

Atelectasis

A

Could be caused by hydrothorax or hemothorax. Tissue of lung collapses or fails to develop.

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17
Q

When thoracic cavity increases (inspiration), does pleural pressure increase or decrease?

A

Decreases, so oxygen will move into the lungs

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18
Q

When thoracic cavity decreases (expiration), does pleural pressure increase or decrease?

A

Increases, so oxygen will move out and alveoli pressure increases

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19
Q

Normal expiration is a __________ process.

A

Passive

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20
Q

Compliance

A

Measure of destincibility, elasticity, and stretch ability of the lungs or thorax. ( change in volume divided by change in pressure)

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21
Q

Lung compliance

A

Stretch ability, elasticity of the lungs

CL = 0.2 L / cm h2o

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22
Q

Chest wall compliance

A

Stretch ability, elasticity of chest wall

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23
Q

Total compliance

A

Depends on lung and chest compliance

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24
Q

minute respiratory volume (MRV)

A

Pulmonary ventilation measurement.

MRV = RR x TV

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25
Q

Alveolar ventilation rate

A

Pulmonary ventilation measurement, VA-volume of time in alveoli, DS-volume of expired air no involved in gas exchange. Best one to use.
Va = (TV - DS) x RR

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26
Q

Exchange of respiratory gases

A

Oxygen diffuses from high to low. ( lungs to blood )

CO2 diffuses from high to low. ( blood to lungs )

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27
Q

What’s the main reason to ventilate the lungs?

A

To maintain concentration gradients

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28
Q

Dalton’s Law of partial pressures

A

The total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of partial pressures of the component gases in the mixture. (the whole is equal to the sum of the parts).
Patm = Pn2 + Po2 + Pco2 + Pother
79%. 21%. .03%

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29
Q

Bring air in? 3 steps?

A

Warm
Humidify
Filter

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30
Q

Why do you want warm air in lungs?

A

Because it holds more water

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31
Q

Why humidify the air?

A

To keep lungs and membranes moist.

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32
Q

How do we clean air?

A

By nasal conchea and trachea - they use cilia to push mucus up to go back down esophagus

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33
Q

Inspiration - muscles movements?

A

Vertical - diaphragm moves downward (contraction)
Lateral - water bucket handle effect - ribs move up and out away from the thorax.
Anterior posterior - pump handle effect -

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34
Q

What muscles are used during inspiration?

A

Intercoastal - muscle and space - when you breath in distance between space gets smaller
Externalcoastal muscles
Diaphragm

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35
Q

Why is expiration passive?

A

Because of elasticity

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36
Q

What does elasticity do?

A
  • makes tissue goes back to normal

- surface tension - a film of water in water that pushes air out.

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37
Q

Surface tension

A

A film of water on water that pushes air out.

Surface tension wants to collapse to the smallest possible size.

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38
Q

What breaks surface tension and why?

A

Soaps reduce surface tension. In the lungs we produce a natural soap called pulmonary surfactant, that break the surface tension allowing alveoli to inflate after air is pushed out.

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39
Q

Where is the attraction of water the highest? And what does this result in?

A

The attraction is higher and tighter at the surface, therefore creating a surface tension.

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40
Q

How many liquid interfaces do alveoli have?

A

Two

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41
Q

LaPlace’s Law

A

In a spherical liquid drop or bubble pressured is directly related surface tension and inversely related to the radius.
- less pressure = easier to open

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42
Q

Pulmonary surfactant

A

Natural soap in lungs to break surface tension
Can’t keep lungs inflated without this
Surface tension wants to collapse to the smallest possible size, and with this agent the alveoli are able to stabilize without collapsing into bigger alveoli

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43
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn

A

Immature lungs

Do not produce pulmonary surfactant therefore high surface tension

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44
Q

The ____________ breath is the hardest as a newborn.

A

First

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45
Q

Partial pressures

A

How we measure different pressures in air.

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46
Q

2 ways to transport oxygen

A

Dissolved oxygen

Bound to hemoglobin

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47
Q

What percent of dissolved oxygen is transported to your tissues in this way?

A

3% ( example, fish us this way)

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48
Q

Hemoglobin and oxygen relationship?

A

4 heme subunit with a iron (Fe) in the center
Will catch and release oxygen
4 oxygen only on hemoglobin

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49
Q

Average amount of Hemoglobin in the blood?

A

An average person carries: 20 ml O2 / 100 ml

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50
Q

Hb O2 affinity

A

More affinity in lungs, less in skeletal muscle
Decreased temp. Means an increase in affinity
Decreased CO2 means an increase in affinity
Increase in pH means an increased in affinity

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51
Q

3 ways to transport CO2

A

Dissolved CO2
Carbamino compounds
Bicarbonate ions

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52
Q

Percent of Dissolved CO2 transport in blood

A

10% (example, soda)

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53
Q

Carbamino compounds

A

25% of transport, CO2 binds to amino group (globin) of hemoglobin

54
Q

Bicarbonate ion equation

A

CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3-

H+ dissociates from carbonic acid to form bicarbonate ion and hydrogen.

55
Q

Carbonic acid

A

H2CO3

56
Q

Alkaline

A

Basic

57
Q

Carbonic anhydrase

A

Catalyzes bicarbonate ion production

58
Q

Bicarbonate ion

A

Base

Made by dissociation of hydrogen from carbonic acid

59
Q

Carbon monoxide

A 
Made from incomplete combustion 
Not enough O2 to make CO2
Toxic, odorless, colorless, tasteless
Puts you to sleep before you know it
Has 210 x's the affinity for hemoglobin than O2, therefore you suffocate
60
Q

Why is carbon monoxide poisoning so dangerous?

A

It’s colorless, odorless, and tasteless.

You don’t know it b/c our respiratory system regulates on CO2.

61
Q

Why do you breath harder during exercise?

A

To get rid of CO2

62
Q

Does CO2 or O2 dissolve better in water?

A

CO2 (Aquatic) example fish

63
Q

Do terrestrials regulate on CO2 or O2?

A

CO2

64
Q

Pulmonary emphysema

A

These ppl become O2 regulators.
Emphysema is a type of COPD involving damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. As a result, your body does not get the oxygen it needs. Emphysema makes it hard to catch your breath. You may also have a chronic cough and have trouble breathing during exercise.

65
Q

Where is CO2 the highest?

A

In the blood, So it can move from an area of high to low into the lungs

66
Q

Where is O2 highest?

A

In the lungs. So it can move from an area of high to low into the blood

67
Q

Pulmonary ventilations main purpose?

A

To maintain CO2 and O2 balances

68
Q

Regulation of ventilation

A

Central chemoreceptors - CO2, medulla

Peripheral chemoreceptors - carotid bodies (near carotid sinus) - aortic arch PO2

69
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Sets basic rhythm for respiration

Central pattern generator

70
Q

Pons

A

Modifies and smooths out what medulla does

71
Q

Acclimatization

A

Process of getting used to O2 levels (example, climbing Mount Everest)

72
Q

pH

A

The higher the pH the more basic

The lower the pH the more acidic

73
Q

Normal arterial pH

A

7.4 (7.35 - 7.45)

Little changes mean big number changes!

74
Q

pH less than 7.4

A

Acidosis

75
Q

pH greater than 7.4

A

Alkalosis

76
Q

Hypoventilation

A

Not blowing enough CO2 out

In a state of acidosis

77
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Blowing out too much CO2

In a state of alkalosis

78
Q

Digestive system

A

Breakdown to basic building blocks

79
Q

Macromolecules

A

Big molecules

80
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Macromolecule

Sugars

81
Q

Monosaccharides

A

One, named by the number of carbons in the sugar

82
Q

Disaccharides

A

Two, can be made out of two different or the same sugar

Carbohydrate

83
Q

Polysaccharides

A

More than two, named by number of sugars

Carbohydrate

84
Q

Proteins

A

Building block is amino acids

85
Q

Fats

A

Building block is monoglycerides
Then there is triglycerides
Then phospholipids in that category

86
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Building blocks nucleotides
Make up DNA and RNA
A T C G - nitrogenous bases

87
Q

Proteinase

A

Breakdown proteins

88
Q

Nucleonase

A

Breaks down Nucleic acids

89
Q

Deglutition

A

Swallowing

90
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

91
Q

Hiatus

A

Where esophagus runs through diaphragm

92
Q

Hiatal hernia

A

Makes a leaky valve because esophageal junction is higher than normal and causes acid reflux or heartburn.
Another kind is where stomach sticks through diaphragm

93
Q

Pyloric stenosis

A

Narrowing of pyloric sphincter

Thickening of the pyloric wall

94
Q

Peptic ulcer

A

Surface lesion
Can be in esophagus - hiatal hernia
Duodenum- stress
And gastric - stomach, don’t want this because stomach is supposed to be able to handle acid in stomach

95
Q

Diarrhea

A

Too much water in GI tract, water stool, losing base

96
Q

Vomit

A

Losing acid, chyme is what you through up

97
Q

Chyme

A

Material that leaves stomach and goes into duodenum

98
Q

Gastric glands

A

Mucus, parietal cells, chief cells

99
Q

Mucus in stomach

A

Help prevent against pepsin and acid

100
Q

Parietal cells

A

HCL, produce intrinsic factor

101
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

Necessary for vitamin b12 and needed to make blood cells

102
Q

Not enough B12?

A

You get pernicious anemia.

103
Q

Chief cells

A

Produce pepsin

Zymogens - inactive forms of enzymes

104
Q

What 3 main things protect the stomach?

A

Mucus
Columnar cells - just tops showing & have special junctions in between
Rapid turnover - new lining every 2-3 days

105
Q

3 parts of small intestine

A

Duodenum - 10 inches
Jejunum - 4 ft
Ileum - 6-7 ft

106
Q

Layers of GI tract?

A 
Serosa - outer layer
Longitudinal muscle
Circular muscle 
Submucosa - vessels here
Mucosa - columnar cells - inner layer
107
Q

Function of large intestine?

A

Re absorption of H2O and salts

Vitamin synthesis

108
Q

Large intestine (anatomy)

A

Begins with pouch called the cecum
Appendix coming off of it
Then the ascending colon, hepatic colon, transverse colon, scenic colon, descending colon, sigmoid, then the anus.

109
Q

Teniae coli

A

Tube within a tube in the GI tract

110
Q

Appendicitis

A

Inflammation of appendix
Pereration - popping
And peritonitis - inflammation of the perilla peritoneum

111
Q

Volvulus

A

Twisting of the bowel

Most common is sigmoid because it is already slightly twisted

112
Q

ileus

A

Intestinal obstruction

113
Q

Pancreas

A

Has both endocrine and exocrine function

114
Q

Endocrine (pancreas)

A

Hormones, islets of langerhans is pancreas, insulin, glucagon, and dustless

115
Q

Exocrine (pancreas)

A

Ducted

116
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

To think of glands, sweat glands produce too much NaCl

117
Q

Liver functions

A

Bile salts, detoxification center, intermediate metabolism, vitamin storage, hemoglobin breakdown

118
Q

Bile salts, what they do?

A

Emulsification of fats

119
Q

Emulsification

A

Breakdown

120
Q

Detoxification center

A

In liver, ammonia, hepatic portal to liver from intestines, then hepatic portal veins to vena cava

121
Q

Intermediate metabolism

A

Carbs to glycogen

Fats to lipids

122
Q

Vitamin storage

A

Vitamin A

Too much is toxic

123
Q

Hemoglobin breakdown

A

Made into bilirubin after breakdown

124
Q

Hyperbilirubinemia

A

Too much bilirubin in blood, causes jaundice

125
Q

Lacteal

A

Lymph capillary

In vilus

126
Q

Carbs and chemical digestion

A

Salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase

127
Q

Brush border

A

Columnar cells and micro villi breakdown disaccharides into monosaccharides

128
Q

Protein and chemical digestion

A

In stomach by pepsin, proteinases come from pancreas: trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptinase

129
Q

Peptide breakdown

A

Broken down by peptidases into amino acids

130
Q

Lipids and chemical digestion

A

Lipases breakdown lipids

131
Q

Steatorrhea

A

Can’t digest lipids, bulky fatty stool

132
Q

Nucleic acids and chemical digestion

A

DNA - deoxyribonuclease
RNA - ribonuclease
Broken into nucleotides

133
Q

What’s function of HCO3- in pancreatic juice?

A

To neutralize stomach acids, it’s a base

Anatomy & Physiology II (3 decks)

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