Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MLT 130 Clinical Chemistry I > Exam IV Non-nitrogen Protein, Kidney & Liver functions, Enzymes, Cardiac markers > Flashcards

Exam IV Non-nitrogen Protein, Kidney & Liver functions, Enzymes, Cardiac markers Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Chemistry flashcards Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the substrate for the enzyme aspartate amino transferase (AST)?

A

aspartate

alpha ketoglutamic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Creatinine is formed from the breakdown of?

A

creatine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

PSP is removed from the blood by the?

A

kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the principle of the Berthelot reaction and what substances can cause falsely elevated values in the reaction?

A

hydrolysis of urea into ammonium carbonate by the enzyme urease; cause blue colored compound

high levels of ammonia or bilirubin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Increased ALT values are associated with disease of?

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the normal value for serum AST at 37?

A

5-35 uL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which anticoagulant should NOT be used for the urease testing?

A

sodium fluoride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the normal percentage for the CK-MB isoenzyme?

A

less than 6%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What reagent is used in the measurement of uric acid?

A

phosphotungstic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Creatinine clearance is used to assess the rate of?

A

glomerular filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Crcl equation

A

(Ucr * Vu)/(Pcr * t)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What additional info must be know to calculate Crcl if the patient is an infant, young child or adolescent?

A

body surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the most common endogenous substance used to assess GFR?
Exogenous substrate?

A

creatinine clearance

inulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Serum creatine kinase is most often used in diseases of?

A

muscle tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Serum lipase levels are elevated in disease of?

A

pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Diacetyl monoxime reacts with ? to produce a yellow product?

A

urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is uremia?

A

abnormal substances of urea in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the normal value for CK in males at 37?

A

15-160 U/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Three ways that can be used in the lab to measure the rate of an enzymatic reaction.

A

Multiple point assay
Continous Monitoring
Kinetic point assay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define the International Unit (IU)

A

quantity of enzyme that will catalyze one micromole (umol) of substrate per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the peak absorbance of reduced NAD (NADH)?

A

340nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The Jaffe reaction is used to measure?

A

creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which non-protein nitrogen component comprises the largest fraction of NPN in the blood?

A

BUN/ urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which enzyme is useful in the detection of insecticide poisoning?

A

pseudocholinesterase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Low levels ow wchich enzyme can cause a patient to be susceptible to prolonges apnea when exposed to certain types of anesthesia?

A

pseudocholinesterase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Increased levels of LD-a and LD-5 are associated with?

A

liver

acute hepatic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Gout is caused by the deposition of ? in joints and other tissues.

A

uric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the cilnical significance of a mildly elevated ALP in a teenager?

A

No significance: still growing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the normal ration of BUN to creatinine?

A

10:1 to 15:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What enzyme is normally elevated during pregnancy?

A

alkaline phosphotase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

L-tartate is used in the specific assay of which enzyme?

A

prostatic acid phosphotase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which isoenzyme is detectable within 4-6 hours after a MI?

A

CK-MB2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Retention of BSP can be used to measure?

A

liver function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What substrate and coenzyme are required to measure ammonia?

A

alpha ketoglutarate

NADH; coenzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the main way that ammonia levels are kept within normal limits?

A

liver takes ammonia and turns it into urea, which is eliminated in the urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down?

A

starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Why should hemolyzed specimens NOT be used for acid phosphotase?

A

rbc’s contain acid phosphotase; false increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Acid phosphotase is primarily associated with the disease of?

A

prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the proper treatment of serum to be assayed for ACP?

A

pH below 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the substrate for alkaline phosphotase methods of analysis?

A

para-nitrophenol phosphase

41
Q

In the urease method, urea is converted to ?

A

ammonium carbonate

42
Q

Increased levels of serum alkaline phosphotase can indicate diseases of? ?

A

bone or liver

43
Q

The enzyme responsible for the reversible oxidation of lactic acid to pyruvic acid is ?

A

LD; lactate dehydrogenase

44
Q

In the creatine kinase reaction, ? is converted to ?

A

ATP to ADP

45
Q

What is the end product of purine metabolism in man?

A

uric acid

46
Q

Serum amylase might be expected to be increased in diseases of?

A

pancreas

47
Q

Which enzyme can be used to establish the presence of semen?

A

acid phosphotase

48
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU) results from a deficiency in which enzyme?

A

phenylalanine hydroxylase

49
Q

What is the substrate for the enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT)?

A

alanine

alpha ketoglutamic acid

50
Q

What is the source of urease used in enzymatic methods for the determination of BUN?

A

Jack Bean meal

51
Q

What precaution must be taken with specimens to be used for blood ammonia determinations?

A

use plasma
avoid in vitro formation
correct tube
place on ice and test within 15 minutes

52
Q

What is the correct order of migration of the CK isoenzymes?

A

MM, MB, BB

slow - fast

53
Q

What are the substrates for amylase in the dye labeled substrate method?

A

dye, starch

54
Q

In the creatinine method, a color develops when creatinine combines with ?

A

alkaline picrate

55
Q

The major isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase come from the ? and the ?

A

heart, liver

56
Q

What is the principle of the enzymatic method for measurement of ammonia?

A

rxn followed by decrease in absorbance at 340 nm as NADPH is converted to NADP

uses enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase and substrate alpha ketoglutarate

57
Q

Strenuous exercise can cause elevated ??

A

CK - creatine kinase

58
Q

What causes the BSP dye to turn from colorless to colored?

A

alkali medium

59
Q

What would hemolysis do to the results of a lactate dehydrogenase (LD) measurement?
How are results affected if specimen if frozen?

A

Increase

cannot freeze, false decrease

60
Q

What test can differentiate between liver and bone origin of an elevated alkaline phosphotase?

A

GGT

61
Q

What is the best anticoagulant to use for plasma specimens to be tested for lactate dehydrogenase?

A

heparin

62
Q

What is the order of migration for the isoenzymes of alkaline phosphotase(ALP)?

A

liver(fast), bone, plasma, intestinal

63
Q

What is the characteristic change in the isoenzyme of lactate dehydrogenase (LD) that is seen in a myocardial infarction?

A

LD flip, 1 becomes greater than 2

64
Q

Creatinine excretion correlates best with ??

A

muscle mass

65
Q

Which enzyme is the first to become elevated following an MI?

A

CK-MB1

66
Q

Aspartate aminotransferase(AST) is elevated in disease of?

A

heart

67
Q

For how long and at what temp should specimens for LD be stored?

A

2-3 days at room temp

68
Q

In the performance of a CRcl, when should the specimen for serum creatinine be collected in relation to the collection of the urine?

A

midway thru collection

no longer than 24 hours before or after collection

69
Q

What enzyme can ce used in the detection of alcoholism and in the monitoring of patients in alcohol treatment centers?

A

GGT; gamma glutamytransferase

70
Q

What is the normal value for prostatic acid phosphotase(ACP)?

A

less than 2.1 ng/mL

71
Q

Why are creatinine levels in the serum not a good indicator of early renal damage?

A

Increased levels are not abnormal until 1/2 to 2/3 of renal function is abnormal

72
Q

What is the composition of Nessler’s reagent and for what test is it used?

A

double iodide of potassium/mercury

BUN

73
Q

Which has more liver specificity, ALT or AST?

A

ALT

AST is for heart

74
Q

In which organ is the activity of CK the greatest?

A

brain, heart, skeletal muscles

75
Q

What is the main factor that determines how much the level of an enzyme in serum increases?

A

severity of damage to it’s tissues or cells or origin

76
Q

How does the progressive muscular dystrophy affect AST and ALT levels?

A

cause increase

77
Q

What is the normal value for serum amylase at 37?

A

95-290 IU/L

78
Q

What is the major CK isoenzyme of normal serums?

A

MM

79
Q

At what temp should serum CK specimens be stored?

A

4 degrees C

80
Q

What is the purpose of the PSP test and the p-aminohippurate test?

A

measures excretory capacity of kidneys

81
Q

To what class of enzymes do amylase and lipase belong?

A

hydrolase

82
Q

What is the normal value for serum BUN?

A

8-26 mg/dL

83
Q

What is the old name for AST?

For CK?

A

SGOT

CPK

84
Q

What two isoforms of CK are used for the early detection of an MI?

A

MM

MB(1,2)

85
Q

What is the main use of ammonia measurements?

A

diagnose Reye’s syndrome

hepatic coma

86
Q

What happens to CRcl value in renal disease?

A

decreases

87
Q

What is the normal range for total serum bilirubin?

A

0.2-1.0 mg%

88
Q

In the Jendrassik-Grof method, what is the caffeine benzoate solubilizer used for?

A

makes soluble the water insoluble fractions of bilirubin

89
Q

A list of risk factors for coronary heart disease

A 
Smoking
Hypertension
Increased total cholesterol & LDL
Decreased HDL
Diabetes mellitus
Age
Obesity
Physical Inactivity
Family history of premature CHD
Left ventricular hypertrophy
90
Q

List of biochemical markers for coronary heart disease

A 
Triglycerides
Lp(a)
Homocysteine
Coagulation factors
hs-CRP
91
Q

List of the ideal characteristics of a cardiac marker

A 
cardiac specific
Rises soon after infarction occurs
Elevated over a sustained period of time
Easy to measure analytically
Broad dynamic range for measurements
Quick turnaround of tests
Diagnostic utility verified by clinical studies
92
Q

Which marker has been recognized for the earliest biochemical marker for AMI?

A

Myoglobin

93
Q

What is the biggest disadvantage of troponin as a cardiac marker?

A

Stays elevated for 7-10 days

cant detect new infarction

94
Q

What is the most likely cause of prehepatic bilirubin?

A

Increased amount of bilirubin being presented to the liver, such as in acute or chronic hemolytic anemias

95
Q

What is the most likely cause of hepatic bilirubin?

A

most commonly occurs due to primary problem within the liver itself; such as an intrinsic liver disease or defect

96
Q

What is the most likely cause of post hepatic bilirubin?

A

most commonly occurs due to some type of biliary obstruction (gallstones or tumors)

97
Q

Why are high levels of bilirubin seen in infants?

A

infant deficiency of enzyme glucuronyl transferase (last to develop because most bili processing done by mother)

98
Q

What precautions need to be taken when processing bilirubin?

A

Serum or plasma (except in Malloy-Evelyn, use serum)
Fasting specimen preferred
Hemolysis not acceptable
Keep away from light
Stable 2 days at RT, 1 week at 4C, indefinitely at -20C

MLT 130 Clinical Chemistry I (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions