Exam IV (ch. 18) Flashcards
What is the leading cause of fatal and non-fatal injuries for older Americans?
Falls
What percentage of Americans (65 and older) fall each year?
25%
Every ___ seconds an older adult is treated in the Emergency Department from a fall.
11 seconds
Every ___ minutes an older adult dies as a result of a fall.
19 minutes
T or F: Recurrent fallers are those who have fallen two or more times in either 3 or 6 months
False
6 or 12 months
Which of the following is NOT an intrinsic fall risk factor: Gait Fear of Falling Muscle weakness Improper use of assistive device
Improper use of assistive device
_______ is achieved by continually positioning the body’s COG over the BOS during static and dynamic task
Postural control
What three body systems does postural control depend on?
Sensory, central nervous, and neuromuscular
Sensory information are gathered through _____ ,_____, and _____ systems
somatosensory, vision, and vestibular
What are the age related declines (intrinsic fall risk factors) in the somatosensory system?
Decreased light touch Decreased proprioception Decreased two-point discrimination Decreased vibration sense Decreased muscle spindle activity
What are the health condition related intrinsic fall risk factors in the somatosensory system?
Diabetic/Idiopathic neuropathy
Spinal stenosis
Stroke
Multiple Sclerosis
What are the essential visual components in the visual input system?
Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, depth perception, and peripheral vision
What are the age related declines (intrinsic fall risk factors) in the visual system?
Decreased visual acuity
Decreased contrast sensitivity
Decreased depth perception
What are the health condition related intrinsic fall risk factors in the visual system?
Cataracts Macular degeneration Glaucoma Stroke Use of progressive, bifocal or trifocal corrective lenses
Vestibular input: provides CNS with information about angular acceleration of the head via _________
semi-circular canals
Vestibular input: Provides CNS with information about linear acceleration of the head via the ________
otoliths
What strategy do older adults utilize the most?
Hip Strategy
What strategy involves bending knees during standing or ambulation for the purpose of maintaining a stable position during a perturbation
Suspensory strategy
What are the age related declines (intrinsic fall risk factors) in the CNS?
Decreased coordination
What are the health condition related intrinsic fall risk factors in the CNS?
Parkinson’s Disease
Stroke
Cerebellar Atrophy
What are the health condition related intrinsic fall risk factors in the neuromuscular system?
Impaired postural alignment
Osteoporosis with vertebral fracture and kyphosis
Diabetes with distal motor neuropathy
Lower limb joint disease (such as arthritis)
Spinal stenosis
What are the age related declines (intrinsic fall risk factors) in the neuromuscular system?
Slowing of muscle timing/sequence Decreased ROM/flexibility Decreased muscle endurance Decreased LE muscle strength, torque, and power Delayed distal muscle latency Increased co-contraction Impaired postural alignment
What is contrast sensitivity and how is it measured?
The ability to detect subtle differences in shading and pattern
Hamilton-Veale contrast test chart
What is depth perception?
The ability to distinguish distances between objects
T or F: Loss of peripheral vision most typically seen with macular degeneration and has been related to falling
False!
central vision
In regards to MMT, what three factors have all been related to increased risk of falling for seniors living in the community?
Toe Flexor strength
Ankle ROM
Severe hallux valgus
